Adjectives and Adverbs

The fifth chapter focuses on adjectives and adverbs borrowed from Turkish into seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian. These turkisms can be derived from Turkish nouns, adjectives, and/or adverbs, and have Slavonic and/or Turkish suffixes. Number and gender agreement are discussed, as are productive and unproductive suffixes and pleonasm.

Conclusion

The conclusion addresses how morphology, semantics, motivation, and context relate to the borrowing chronology of turkisms in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian texts, how these areas differ from language to language—as well as from genre to genre—and directions for further study in Slavonic–Turkish, language contact.

Conjunctions

This chapter addresses the use of Turkish conjunctions—conjunctive, concessive, disjunctive, purpose, subordinating—in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian texts. It briefly discusses conjunctions in relation to borrowing hierarchy.

Nouns

This chapter looks at the nominal morphology of turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. It analyses why turkisms developed the gender and number that they did, since Turkish does not have gender as a category. It also discusses non-productive and productive Turkish suffixes in Bosnian and Bulgarian, Slavonic suffixes with turkisms, and pleonasm.

Verbs

This chapter addresses the verbal morphology of turkisms in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian and where the verb falls in borrowing hierarchies. Verbal prefixes and Aktionsarten are discussed in detail for Bosnian and, to a limited extent, for Bulgarian. The chapter also looks at whether Turkish voice (diathetical) suffixes (causative, passive, reciprocal) were transparent to eighteenth-century Bulgarians.

Motivation, Semantics, and Integration of Turkisms

This chapter looks at the semantics of turkisms in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian texts. It also discusses the motivation behind borrowings, namely social, cultural, and political factors. Particular attention is given to the role context plays in the distribution of core and cultural Turkish loans in the texts analysed, the use of Islamic terminology in Christian contexts, glossing, synonymic compounds, pejoration of BUcifut/BOčifut < Tçıfıt, and intimate loans.

Existing Studies and the Problem of Dating

This chapter focuses on the complications regarding establishing earliest attestations for turkisms occurring in seventeenth and eighteenth century. Whilst Bosnian has an attestational dictionary, namely Rječnik hrvatskog illi srpskog jezika, it is not equally thorough in providing attestations. Bulgarian has no such dictionary. Particular attention is given to dating Turkish and Slavonic derivatives against their roots, dating different parts of speech, core loans and cultural loans, and a comparative analysis of the earliest attestations of Bosnian and Bulgarian turkisms.

Introduction

This chapter defines key terminology used throughout the text: loanword, turkism, borrowing, cultural and core loans. It also provides background information on the Order of the Bosnian Franciscans (Bosna Srebrena), the Bulgarian Franciscans (Paulicians) and their respective Catholic communities, Ottoman presence in Bosnia and Bulgaria in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as short biographies of each of the writers whose works are analysed. Lastly, it discusses dialect, phonology, and South Slavonic orthographies, namely latinica, Cyrillic, and bosančica.