The Letter Exchange on the Romanian Front during the First World War

Letters, unusual postcards, censored, illustrate the mood on the front, conveyed by two participants to the world’s first conflagration. The first letter, dated October 26, 1916, belongs to Lieutenant D. Stoica, commander of the Second Section Telegraph. A simple letter, which expresses much optimism, sent to his wife Ionela, two months after Romania’s entry into the national reunification war, accompanied by his portrait. The second letter, dated 1918, is more intense in terms of experiences, sent to a lady named Marie Ionescu, by a Romanian wounded during the battles. The letter, from the stamp that only marks the year 1918, could be dated approximately after November this year. The militant was in convalescence in a camp hospital, waiting to be resent on the front.

Landmarks in the Evolution of the Main Types of Banking Operations of Albina in Sibiu 1872-1946. I

The 75 years history of Albina Bank reflects in its main characteristics that particularize it in the modern banking system the forms and crediting policies present in its statutes. The initial focus of the Albina Bank board was to activate a diverse palate of credit activities – in the first statute of the bank we can find no less than 15 types of loans. Few were actually accommodated, according to the possibilities of financing and also related to the social and economic background of the future debtors that came, the majority until 1918 from the rural areas. More so, the bank took into account the economic, financial and political context where the Romanian elite from Transylvania activated. Thus, in the first period of activity of the Albina bank its board will activate the most mobile types of crediting (credit of input and lending with public collaterals) wanting to increase the funding sources which are the main focus on the first part on an extended study.

The Establishment of Târgu Mureș Branch of „Albina” Bank and the Relationships with its Headquarters in Sibiu (1919-1928)

A close look at the minutes of the Administration Council, a governing body of the „Albina” Bank in Sibiu, reveals various aspects, as important as they are interesting, regarding the activity of the Târgu Mureș branch (one of the most important branches that began its activity before the pre-war period - 1st May 1910). After Transylvania was included in the Romanian Unitary National State, the entire economic life experienced a revival. In this context, „Albina”’s Târgu Mureș branch increased its turnorver beeing able to compete with the local credit institutions in the county, including the Saxon and Hungarian ones. However, the lack of liquidity on the financial markets, which threatened the well being of entire banking system, directly affected the branch starting with 1927/28. The examples found in archives and presented in this article emphasize a gradual decrease in the number of loans granted by the bank and the crippling effect on the local economy. Different types of loans are being explained and presented offering a vivid image of the inhabitants of the area, their nationality, their field of activity, which was directly linked with their financial abilities. Some interesting, however controversial, aspects are being highlighted regarding the unorthodox practices of the personnel, the bold decisions of the director of the branch that were not exactly in the line with the code of conduct and the ethos promoted by „Albina”’s Headquarters in Sibiu.

“Bellator Equus”. Roman Republican Cavalry Tactics in the 3rd-2nd Centuries Bc

One of the most interesting periods in the history of the Roman cavalry were the Punic wars. Many historians believe that during these conflicts the ill fame of the Roman cavalry was founded but, as it can be observed it was not the determination that lacked. The main issue is the presence of the political factor who decided in the main battles of this conflict. The present paper has as aim to outline a few aspects of how the Roman mid-republican cavalry met these odds and how they tried to incline the balance in their favor.

The Incomes and Expenses of the Castle Demesne of Bran at the Beginning of the 16th Century

In this paper I analyze the medieval incomes and expenses of the castle domain of Bran (in Hungarian: Törcsvár, in German: Törzburg), compound of the castle itself and nine surrounding villages, situated in the Southeastern corner of Transylvania. The main sources of this investigation are the demesne’s remained medieval financial accounts, covering the years 1504–1513 and 1522–1526; charters referring to the domain remained only in small numbers.

Historical References on The Commodity Exchange of Galaţi

This paper represents a retrospective inquiry into Galati shipping, into the Commodity Exchange and into Galati commerce in general, starting in the 1850s until the beginning of the 20th century.