Identificação dos conflitos mais comuns experienciados por médicos não paliativistas no atendimento de pacientes em fim de vida. Bruno Budicin, Mariana G. P. Aroeira-Neves, Josimário Silva

In Brazil, the theoretical knowledge in Palliative Care and Bioethics has been increasing in recent years, however, there is still a great distance between theory and its effective application in medical practice. This is reflected in the poor quality of death of end-of-life patients and great distress for the professionals attending this type of patient. A better understanding of the difficulties experienced by physicians who lack specific training in Palliative Care and of how they act in solving the moral dilemmas they face is a step towards creating strategies for training these healthcare professionals. This paper aims to better identify and understand these difficulties through a semi-structured questionnaire and reflective analysis of these moral dilemmas.

PANDEMIAS

Las enfermedades se clasifican, de acuerdo con sus características, de varios modos. Uno, muy clásico, es dividirlas en agudas y crónicas. Se encuentra ya en la literatura hipocrática. Otro es diferenciar las que afectan a individuos aislados de las que seextienden por poblaciones. En este último caso, puede suceder que estén presentes en un medio de modo continuo, en cuyo caso hablamos de enfermedades endémicas, o que se extiendan por toda o por una parte importante de la población, pero de forma aguda, discontinua o intermitente. En este caso se habla de enfermedades epidémicas. Cuando una epidemia afecta no a una población concreta,sino que invade el globo entero, se habla de pandemia.

Álvarez Díaz, J. A. (2018). Aspectos éticos de la nanotecnología en la atención de la salud. Ciudad de México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Bárbara Rubio

Ha pasado ya más de medio siglo desde que el premio nobel de Física Richard Feynman pronunciara en el Instituto de Tecnología de California su famoso discurso titulado “Hay mucho espacio en el fondo”, que fue considerado por muchos el origen de la nanotecnología (There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom, 1959), aunque este término como tal fuera acuñado por Taniguchi en 1974.

¿Certificación en buenas prácticas éticas de la investigación? Una necesidad para incentivar la producción científica.

Research is a fundamental source for the growth of countries and for the development of disciplines. Several factors influence the low scientific productivity of professionals belonging to the health area in Chile, highlighting a series of obstacles. The creation of a certification program on good ethical practices of clinical research in studies whose nature is descriptive could facilitate the connections between clinicians and scientific ethics committees, as well as being an incentive for greater scientific productivity Keywords: Good practices, Certification, Ethics, Research.

Ética en, para y de la Salud Pública. Andreu Segura

Modern public health has not paid much attention to ethics until very recently. Perhaps because a large part of their functions have been developed in public administrations, which are subject to regulations and laws and not to the deontological standards of professional corporations, but also because having such a lovely formal purpose -- health promotion and protection-- it seems that it is not necessary to go to ethics to assess their activities. As it happened in the time of Enlightened Absolutism. An arrogant attitude that could explain popular distrust of some of their recommendations. One obstacle that the application of ethics could overcome.

La única vía para garantizar que la Gestación Subrogada sea éticamente correcta. Ramón Ortega Lozano

Surrogate pregnancy is a controversial topic in bioethics and its current prohibition in Spain has become one of the issues to be addressed in the political agenda of this country. This article aims to analyze the ethical aspects that are violated in the case of surrogate pregnancy. The arguments presented show how this affects especially, but not exclusively, the surrogate mother. On the basis of these arguments, this paper proposes a situation in which the surrogate pregnancy could be considered ethically correct. This argumentation should be considered in the debate concerning lifting the ban on surrogate pregnancy in Spain.

BIOÉTICA Y BIODERECHO

Hoy se ha convertido en tópico hermanar ambos términos. A fin de cuentas, la ética y el derecho son los dos sistemas normativos de que dispone toda sociedad. Las diferencias entre uno y otro, por lo demás, no acaban de estar claras. En una sociedad perfecta parece que debieran coincidir. De hecho, así pensó gran parte de la cultura occidental, desde sus mismos orígenes en la antigua Grecia. Lo que la razón dicta como correcto o incorrecto, eso es lo que debería convertirse en ley. El Derecho “natural” se expresaría así como Derecho “positivo”. Esto explica que en algunos idiomas, como el inglés, una misma palabra, right, sirva para designar tanto lo éticamente correcto como lo jurídicamente justo. Así ha venido pensando la cultura occidental desde que el naturalismo estoico hizo sentir su influjo en los jurisconsultos romanos. Y el Derecho romano ha sido la matriz del derecho positivo propio de los países descendientes del gran Imperio romano.

COVID-19, salud pública y medioambiente.

In the 1970s, the American biochemist and oncologist Van Rensselaer Potter coined a new word, 'bioethics', to describe an emerging discipline bringing together the life sciences and ethics. This new field, for Potter, represented "a bridge to the future" of humanity. Fifty years later, the "global bioethics" that Potter theorized in the 1970s has largely been reduced to clinical ethics. Meanwhile, the role of bioethics in what is probably the most important debate for the continuation of human life on the planet, the environmental debate, has been minimal. In view of the dangers that threaten life as we know it today, and consequently even human continuity on our planet, it is imperative to ask what kind of change is needed to avoid such risks, how to achieve it, and what the role of bioethics should be in this transition. Keywords: Bioethics, Covid-19, Medical ethics, Environment, Public health.