Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Contexts of Remittances

Global remittances flow has been rising considerably over the last decade. Their share in the GDP in some (especially developing) countries reaches several percent. That is why their impact on a migrant's country of origin has become a subject of debate in the scientific community. This chapter provides a synthesis of views that have crystallized as part of an ongoing academic debate on remittance determinants and their impact on recipient countries. The author aims to analyze the fundamental scientific opinions published on this topic and to outline possible directions for future research on migrant remittances. The chapter analyzes individual determinants as well as remittance effects on two levels: microeconomic and macroeconomic ones. The analysis concludes that remittances are an important source of external financing for the economies of developing countries. Nonetheless, they cannot be considered as a panacea for economic backwardness.

International Labor Migration in a Globalizing Economy

International labor migration is a multi-level, multi-dimensional social phenomenon being studied by specialists of different branches of science. Scientific views on the content of the concept, causes, and factors behind it, consequences from it, etc., have been developing together with the progress of this phenomenon and are still developing it now. The chapter is dedicated to the influence of the world economic trends (globalization, integration, transnationalization) on the international labor movement and changes of theoretical approaches to its analysis in the historical development of society on the examples of relevant contemporary concepts.

Functional Effectiveness and Modern Mechanisms for National Urban Systems Globalization

Cities' transformation into active actors of international economic relations, and their participation in international competition forms a complex of problems with efficiency of the relationships between business and government, global competitive advantages of urban economies, quality of municipal governance, development and international integration of the urban system of the modern countries (including Russia). This chapter examines a development of the modern features of the urban system in Russia, analyzes its macroeconomic indicators, actual problems, and evaluates various scenarios for the development of both individual urban economies and the entire urban system of Russia.

Multicultural Urban Business Environment

This chapter considers in detail the issue of multicultural urban business environments in the context of managing cross-cultural problems within globalization. When people try to accept and respect different cultures, they will gain new opportunities and experiences. One of the most effective tools is tolerant communication leading to understanding and acceptance of cultural diversity. In this research, we study the contemporary concept of urban business environments as a set of external and internal factors influencing business development in the framework of an urban infrastructure. The authors provide their own definition of the concept of globalization and also describe the key global trends, including globalization of human capital under the conditions of demographic and cultural diversity. The work is also aimed to detect how multiculture affects urban business environment in part of finding managerial solutions and countermeasures to overcome the major cross-cultural challenges.

Global Economy Urbanization and Urban Economies Globalization

World economy globalization fundamentally changes the role of urban business systems. Now they are the main actors of global production and trade. The dominant share of international business activity is now concentrating within a framework of a global urban net. This trend transforms mechanisms and patterns of market economy of institutes; and stimulates an appearance of new economic, social, and political problems. This chapter includes statistical and comparative analyze of modern cities, their economic performance and position in global economic affairs and also the original authors' methodology for urban business structure evaluation. It allows the setting some theoretical findings about internal and external sources of urban business systems competitiveness and effectiveness in a globalizing economy and the formation of original approach to modern cities global hierarchy evaluation.

The Influence of Population Migration and Settlement on Social and Economic Effectiveness of Russia's Northern Regions

The features of population settlement in the North of Russia have been highlighted in the article. The interest and necessity of such research can be explained by the determining role of the North for Russia's national economy, escalation of various socioeconomic problems in the related region and progressing depopulation of these underpopulated areas. The article reveals the major contradictions in the development of Russia's northern territories at the present stage. This problem has been studied from two viewpoints. First, on the basis of the authors' own methodology, the demographic indicators of Russia's northern territories were compared with the average ones within the Russian Federation. Second, we have made an attempt to assess how special the management of these northern territories is in comparison with other Russian regions. According to the results of our research, directions in migration and population resettlement management have been proposed. These directions will contribute to ensuring higher social and economic efficiency of Russia's northern regions.

Strategies for Effective Adaptation

This chapter deals with the OECD migration policy and its strong points that were revealed in the last 20 years. The author also explains how the OECD migration policy responds to technological, economic, and social challenges. In effective adaptation of foreign migrants, the principal role is mainly assigned to monitoring of the OECD member states. The outstanding practices of the latter turned out to be highly important for shaping the migration policies of other countries' migration. This chapter also shows the examples of the labor migrants' adaptation in the OECD labor market, particularly, a bottleneck vacancies analysis of the Nordic countries, Baltic States, and Central Eastern Europe. Institutions, traditions and employability are extremely important parameters for migrants' adaptation for labor markets.

Rural Migration and Shrinkage Transformation Processes in Mexican Countryside

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the empirical-theoretical approaches to shrinking cities in Mexico. The analysis intents to answer the challenges posed by economic and demographic tendencies according to economic changes, using the theories and models and no to fall down victim of simplistic projections and conjectures and theories based more in speculations rather than on facts. The method used here is critical analysis of economic, social, and political tendencies in relation to the situation of shrinking cities in México. The results of this analysis lead to the finding that the shrinkage process in México, as a developing economy does not follow the same patterns of well developed countries, where increase in shrinking cities occurs since the middle of the 1950s and the use of incentives in some localities to attract economic growth have had modest success in terms of turning around the shrinking process.

Impact of Global Pattern on the EU Economic Growth and Urbanization

Regional development policies based on local potential triggers a shift in the economic structure of territories. Exogenous and endogenous factors determine potential of regional development and it is necessary to use different indicators and methods to its evaluation. For the chapter purpose, it is required to define metropolitan and peripheral functions as well as urban areas in the form of geographic models, depicting their spatial distribution in the European Union (EU). Nowadays, regions are increasingly becoming the drivers of the economy. All regions possess development opportunities – however, use these options enough, and hence the competitiveness of regions must be efficient enough. The chapter focuses on dividing the EU NUTS 2 regions based on geographic models of the European economy into efficient and inefficient ones and identifying an optimal benchmark for inefficient regions as a strategy for enhancing their economic structure to measure regional efforts and progress.

Analysis of The Economic Effects of Syrian Migration on Turkish Labor Market

Migration is a multifaceted problem with social, economic, and political dimensions. Following the Arab Spring, Turkey has experienced very strong migration flow in from Syria since March 2011. Due to its dimensions of humanity, the problem of migration has become a problem that requires taking measures on a global scale. The Republic of Turkey has assumed considerable responsibility to host Syrian immigrants. As immigrants to Turkey exceeds 3.5 million people, various policy measures are taken with regard to incoming Syrian immigrants. Adaptation of these migrants at the job market has many obstacles. This research aims to examine the effects of immigration on economy. The global economic effects of immigration are analyzed by means of detailed statistical data. Considering the theories stressing the importance of immigration as an opportunity that creates significant changes in social structure, migration theories are discussed, causes and economic effects of migration are analyzed.