Knowledge Management

This chapter indicates the overview of Knowledge Management (KM); KM and innovation; KM and human capital; KM and social capital; KM and Human Resource Management (HRM); the significant perspectives on KM; and the advanced issues of knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing, and knowledge mapping. KM is the advanced method toward better organizational performance through knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing, and involves various organizational factors, such as people, process, technology, and culture. Utilizing KM can enhance the execution of innovation, human capital, social capital, decision making, and HRM in modern organizations. Regarding KM perspectives, creating and distributing new knowledge through effective knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing have the potential to increase organizational performance and gain sustainable competitive advantage in the knowledge era.

Governance Choice in Open Innovation

To increase the incentive for external sources to form interactive relationships, some firms selectively reveal their internally developed knowledge for free. However, ‘selective revealing' is in conflict with the firm's interest in control over IP and challenges the governance of knowledge flows in open innovation. Taking a behavioral perspective, this paper proposes a complementary role of ‘selective revealing' and ‘behavioral control' and its relationship with a firm's source choice. We draw upon a sample of 125 large firms in the United States and Europe to statistically support the proposed complementarity. Results suggest that in value chain-centric and competitor relationships, firms may opt for guided revealing. In contrast, firms primarily engaged with universities are unable to establish guided revealing as a governance mechanism.

Impact of Media Richness on Reduction of Knowledge-Hiding Behavior in Enterprises

Knowledge hiding is one of the major obstacles in the progression of organizations that hinder the use of tacit knowledge of employees. The negative impact of this behavior is more significant in enterprises and small firms, because they are more reliant on knowledge of their employees. For this reason, factors that influence on tendency of employees to expose and use their knowledge would be appreciated by managers of organizations. With the aid of a conceptual framework in a qualitative study, this paper investigates the effect of media richness on knowledge hiding. Thematic analysis is used to analyze transcribed interview data from employees in a software company in Iran. Findings of the analysis show that media richness significantly impacts on organizational learning and influences on knowledge hiding behavior in employees. This article suggests that entrepreneurs and managers of small firms should provide employees' access to rich media content.

Dynamic Content in Future Internet Opportunities Grad Course

The Colibri project partners started out in 2014 to make an Erasmus+ strategic partnership project titled “Collaboration and Innovation for Better, Personalized and IT-Supported Teaching” (Colibri) (http://www.tuhh.de/colibri/home.html). The overall idea is to implement new and innovative teaching methods with students from different universities for needs and challenges faced in higher education in general and within the combination of the ICT domain and entrepreneurship in particular. Erasmus+ funds the Colibri project. A course is developed between seven universities, based on a variety of rich and digital content: Videos, quizzes, articles to read, assignments, etc. In addition to making it all available on online platforms, we are also experimenting with making it available offline as e-books. This has several advantages, e.g. it can be accessed offline, and it is not depending on platforms that can host it. Another interesting potential of e-books is that they can be generated to suit the needs of the individual learner.

Media Richness Perspective of Social Media Usage for Learning

This chapter examines the effect of media richness of four popular social media (Facebook, YouTube, Skype and Wikipedia) applications on their usage for organizational learning. The study is guided by a research framework based on the amalgamation of the SECI model and the media richness theory (MRT). This framework was used to investigate the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCBOD) to investigate which social media platform used by this organization was effective for organizational learning. Data was gathered and analysed using surveys and hierarchical second-order structural equation modeling (SEM). The data was validated using SmartPLS 3. the study concludes that there is a strong relationship between media richness and social media usage for organizational learning.

Adoption of E-Voting System to Enhance the Electoral Process in Developing Countries

Literature reviewed confirm challenges in the electoral process in developing countries like Ghana. These challenges are mainly Institutional and Technical challenges. The Institutional challenges come from the electoral commission, security agencies such as the Police, and civil society groups that are not well equipped to lend their full support to the electoral process, and also electoral challenges can be identified in three stages, pre-election, during election, and after election. And it is assumed that e-voting system when adopted will resolve this electoral challenges, but the system design should be approach from the Socio-technical perspective so that the system will not fail after implementation.

Cyber-Security Intelligence Gathering

Recently, KM has found applications in cyber-security. Though the actionable information gathered is intangible, they are used to improve knowledge sharing in organizations. Key cyber-security objectives are to prevent, detect and respond to threats. Using open-sharing of vulnerabilities and exploits, cyber risks could be mitigated through info-sharing. Cyber-intelligence is perceived as a process and a product, with outcomes being alerts that solicit explicit responses, leading to mitigation of possible threats. Using the Scrum approach, relevant articles and databases were reviewed, towards improving mitigation strategies. A virtual machine experiment utilized various tools to gather intelligence. Results from footprinting were used to design a KM-based Cyber-Intelligence Gathering model that incorporates Lewin's Change Theory. It is intuitive and serves as an effective mitigation strategy for most organizations, especially SMEs. The implication is that knowledge sharing could be harnessed to create a pool of mitigation resources for most enterprises in developing economies.

The Dimensions of Organizational Entrepreneurial Learning

It is more than two decades that the concept of Entrepreneurial Learning (EL) has emerged by combing Entrepreneurship and Business Learning and its researchers have mostly focused on individual entrepreneurs as the unit of analysis. But EL can be observed in many entrepreneurial activities that take place in established organizations. This chapter aimed to clarify the main characteristics of Organizational Entrepreneurial Learning (OEL) which makes it distinct from Individual Entrepreneurial Learning. As OEL is related to how an established organization learns about the entrepreneurial opportunity, and because of the main role of the interaction between organizational members in its process, this kind of learning can be considered as the opportunity-oriented Interactive learning in organizational context. Through literature review, three relevant dimensions have been identified for OEL, namely: Cognitive Learning Skills, Behavioral learning skills, and Action learning skills. This Model can be a platform for studying EL in organizational level.

Knowledge Swarms and Experiential Hives™

We stand at the dawn of the greatest evolutionary disruption in the potential for large-scale human learning and development through the rapid convergence of truly transformational communication, cooperation and collaboration technologies and capabilities. The knowledge force is increasingly made up of very diverse employee profiles with differences in not only age and gender, but changing cultural norms and values, pervasive belief systems and large disparities in educational backgrounds. Highly individualised learning styles and behavioural characteristics and a host of other potential societal learning dividers, also magnify the challenge of building truly reflexive and responsive high-impact learning organisations. This chapter introduces the pressing need for a significant step-change in the way we approach company and community learning on a large scale and attempts to offer research-based insights and empirical evidence into media-enriching solutions such as mobile knowledge mentoring which will change the nature and experience of learning forever.

Media Richness, Knowledge Sharing, and Computer Programming by Virtual Software Teams

Software programming is a task with high analyzability. However, knowledge sharing is an intricate part of the software programming process. Today, new media platforms have been adopted to enable knowledge sharing between virtual teams. Taking into consideration the high task analyzability and the task characteristics involved in software development, the question is if the media richness of the current media platform is effective in enabling knowledge sharing among these virtual teams? An exploratory research was conducted on a software company in Denmark. The data was gathered was analyzed qualitatively using narrative analysis. This paper concludes, based on the case being investigated, that rich media does not fit the task characteristics of a software programmer. It further concludes that Media richness does affect knowledge sharing in these virtual teams. This is because the current lean media actually enables knowledge sharing as it fits the core characteristics of the software programming process.