In Inflamation Dietary Inflammatory Index and the Role of Different Diet Types

Inflammation usually occurs as a result of imbalances between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Diet is one of the factors that play a role in their development and prevent them from developing. Therefore, it is important to determine the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of foods. Diet is an important and modifiable determinant of chronic diseases. There is a lot of scientific evidence to support the fact that foods consumed have positive and negative effects on individuals' health. In addition to being effective whole of diet, it is seen that the food groups contained in the diet affect the inflammatory biomarkers separately. This section provides information about dietary inflammatory index (DII) and diets that are effective on inflammation.

Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Food Supplements

Probiotics are living microorganisms, meaning “for life” and consist of two parts, “pro” and “biota,” and prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates that increase the number and activities of colon bacteria and the effectiveness of probiotics. Probiotic consumption has been reported to have many positive effects, such as increasing immune response, balancing the colony, and increasing endogenous defense capacity of cells. The aim of prebiotics is to grow probiotic bacteria, thus improving the gastrointestinal and immune systems. Recent studies have shown that probiotics may have an impact on gastrointestinal system diseases. It has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms in prebiotics and assist in the probiotic effect. The most commonly used probiotics and prebiotics are lactic acid bacteria that are types of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Prebiotics are naturally present in nutrients. Probiotics and prebiotics are used to prevent many diseases.

Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Proteins and Peptides

Bioactive peptides (BP) are specific protein fragments that can affect biological processes or substrates that have a positive impact on functions and conditions on body health. Plant and animal sources that contain physiologically active food proteins, native or processed, are rich sources of bioactive peptides. Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins have been demostrated to have variety of beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. BP are accepted the new generation of biologically active regulators; they can prevent oxidation and microbial degradation in foods and furthermore improve quality of life by treating various diseases and disorders. The present review highlights the recent findings on the roles of various food-derived bioactive peptides in inflammation and oxidative stress and discuss the potential benefits and limitations of using these compounds against the burden of chronic diseases.

The Process of Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a physiopathological process that has been known for a long time but its relation with acute and chronic diseases and its role in the development of disease is becoming better understood. Diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, various organ cancers, rheumatologic diseases, the most common diseases of the liver, lungs and kidneys are either closely related to inflammatory processes or are caused by direct inflammatory processes. In one aspect, the aging process is a progressive inflammatory process. The understanding of what inflammation is and the mechanisms by which the inflammation occurs in the organism and by accurately identifying and following the clinical markers that show the course of inflammation. In this section, basic issues related to inflammation is examined.

Macronutrients Having Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Inflammation is a physiological response to infectious agents and tissue damage. When the inflammatory process does not proceed appropriately, a low-grade chronic inflammatory response develops. Low-grade chronic inflammation is defined as a metabolic process characterized by the increase of the acute phase proteins such as CRP and the pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and by infiltration of macrophage and T cell and of chemotactic pro-inflammatory chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in insulin-dependent tissues cells. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which are among the most important macro nutrients are important for the individual's inflammatory response according to their daily intake levels, sources and types. Although their diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, pulp, MUFA, PUFA, the reduction of SFA, TFA, simple sugars, and processed carbohydrates can lead to positive effects on inflammatory pathways and prevent chronic diseases in the long term.

Inflammatory Effects of Micronutrients

Lifestyle and dietary habits are important factors in different levels of daily food intake and the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Consumption and composition of foods and nutrients, lifestyle, physical activity level, type of occupation, stress, and smoking and alcohol use can affect health in different ways and can trigger inflammation processes. Daily diet plays a major role in the formation of inflammatory responses. With the occurrence of inflammation diseases, the level of food intake changes and it is not possible to provide adequate and balanced nutrition. Especially in the case of inflammation, energy and nutrient intake levels are negatively affected, especially vitamins A, E, D, iron, and folate levels decreased. In studies, it was shown that vitamins A, E, D, K, C, iron, selenium, and zinc show anti-inflammatory properties. The intake of these nutrients in accordance with the requirements is an important step in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between different nutrients and energy intake levels.

Epidemiology of Inflammation-Related Diseases

Inflammation, a vital defense mechanism for health, is defined as the immune system's response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, toxic compounds or irradiation. Inflammation is usually examined in two groups: acute and chronic. Chronic inflammation instigates various kinds of diseases that cause premature mortality and morbidity such us cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus (DM), asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, metabolic syndrome (METs), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), osteoporosis, and neurological diseases via dysregulation of various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), signal transducer, activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), etc. These inflammation-related diseases are among the major causes of mortality and morbidity in almost every region of the world. Studies have shown that these diseases associated with inflammation have tended to increase worldwide.