Rural-Urban Migration, Childbearing Decision-Making, Fertility and Contraceptive Perspectives of Street Adolescents and Youth in Kampala, Uganda

Background This paper aimed at describing childbearing decision-making, fertility and contraceptive intentions and associated social demographic factors among disadvantaged street adolescents and youth in Kampala, Uganda while considering rural-urban migration aspects as an explanatory factor. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 513 adolescents and youth aged 12–24 years self-identifying as street adolescents and youth were interviewed with a structured questionnaire in 2019. Street adolescents and youth who migrated from other rural districts to Kampala were compared with those from the city. Street adolescents and youth who migrated from other rural districts to Kampala were classified as migrants while those without the rural experience were considered non-migrants. Logistic regression was applied to assess associations between independent factors and personal childbearing decision-making, fertility intentions and contraceptive intentions. Results Overall, 80.31% of the street adolescents and youth had a rural-urban migration experience. Fifty six percent (56.32%) of the street adolescents and youth made personal childbearing decisions, 94.15% expressed intentions to have children in the future and 42.88% expressed intentions to use contraceptives in the future. Intentions to use contraceptives were significantly higher among males (58.75%) than females (20%). Contraceptive intentions were positively associated with self-perceived permanent residential status (aOR = 10.26, 2.70-39.08), more intra-urban mobility (aOR = 4.99, 95%CI 1.50-16.59) and intentions to migrate to other towns within the country (aOR = 5.33,95%CI 1.59–17.80). Regarding migration aspects, street adolescents and youth who had cyclic movements between the city and district of origin were less likely to make personal childbearing decisions compared to those who never had repeat migration (aOR = 0.23, 95%CI 0.05–0.94). We found no significant association between the social demographic characteristics and fertility intentions. Conclusions Street adolescents and youth with a rural-urban migration experience have less control over personal childbearing decision-making and contraceptive intentions than the non-cyclic migrant counterparts. Factors that influence personal childbearing decision-making and contraceptive intentions among street adolescents and young people in Kampala city operate mainly at the interpersonal and local level, with migration and mobility patterns playing a central role in both perspectives. Programmes and services to prevent promote contraceptives and contraceptive use particularly among the vulnerable street adolescents and youth should take into consideration migration patterns of the street children.

Treatment Options for Scrotal Migration of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts: Case Illustration and Systematic Review of 48 Cases

BACKGROUND Scrotal migration of intact or disconnected tubing is a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. While some illustrative case reports can be found in the literature, a systematic review on treatment options is lacking. OBJECTIVE To propose the first literature-based treatment algorithm on scrotal shunt migration. METHODS We conducted a literature search using the keywords: “VP,” “ventriculoperitoneal,” “shunt,” and “scrotum.” We identified 36 publications with 48 cases reported including our index case. RESULTS Median age at presentation was 13.5 mo (3 d to 65 yr) which was 4 mo (3 d to 72 mo) after last shunt-related surgery. All patients had scrotal swelling, 39 (81%) patients presented without other symptoms, 4 (8%) had additionally local pain, and 4 (8%) patients presented with symptoms of shunt dysfunction. Treatment was surgically in all but one case where spontaneous resolution without repeat migration occurred. In 3 of 4 patients who had either subcutaneous shortening or abdominal repositioning of the shunt without hernia repair, scrotal shunt migration recurred within the following month. Whereas the surgical treatment with reposition of the migrated catheter back into the peritoneal cavity via a groin incision plus hernia repair yielded a definite treatment in all 26 performed cases, the revision rate was significantly higher in the shunt revision without hernia repair cohort (P = .0009). CONCLUSION Scrotal shunt migration is a rare shunt complication with good recovery when treated surgically. We recommend hernia repair in addition to either manual or surgical repositioning of migrated tubing.

Job and community embeddedness on voluntary turnover

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to unite research on migration patterns and job and community embeddedness to examine how the distance an employee has relocated to take a job affects voluntary turnover behavior and how that behavior is impacted by both on-the-job and off-the-job factors. Design/methodology/approach This paper tests these relationships in a longitudinal field study of 2,297 engineers. Findings The distance an employee relocates for a job has an impact on their voluntary turnover behavior, and one form of embeddedness (educational reimbursement) moderates the distance–voluntary turnover relationship. In addition, direct effects of other types of embeddedness reduce the likelihood of voluntary turnover (assimilation programs and employee contributions to local non-profits). Practical implications This paper provides practitioners with information to supplement employee retention activities through the use of company-offered benefits. Originality/value By finding support for the hypothesis that employees who relocated a greater distance from where they earned their last degree are more likely to voluntarily terminate their employment, support was found for a link between turnover models and repeat migration. Support was also found for company-offered benefits as forms of embeddedness, reducing voluntary turnover behavior.

Father’s Repeat Migration and Children’s Educational Performance

Repeat migration is a common, but unstudied, pattern of migration. This study examines the potential intergenerational consequences of this behavior. To investigate this, we estimate the effect of fathers’ repeat migration on their children’s grade point averages using population-level register data from Sweden. We find that the children of fathers who repeat migrate have a significantly lower grade point average, even after controlling for individual and family characteristics, than children of permanent migrants. Results suggest selection and delayed integration may exert negative pressure on the GPA of children of repeat migrants.

Repeat Migration in the Age of the “Unauthorized Permanent Resident”: A Quantitative Assessment of Migration Intentions Postdeportation

Drawing on postdeportation surveys ( N = 1,109) with Mexican migrants, we examine the impact of immigration enforcement programs and various social factors on repeat migration intentions. Our multivariate analyses suggest immigrants with strong personal ties to the United States have higher relative odds of intending to cross the border again, even when controlling modes of removal from the United States. Our findings highlight the inevitable failure of immigration policy and enforcement programs when placed against the powerful pull of family and home. These findings shed greater insight on the complex nature of unauthorized migration in an era of increased securitization and deportation.