Review of International Law (Lex Specialis) on the Problems of the South China Sea (SSS) Boundary Conflict and the View of Indonesia's Diplomacy

The South China Sea (SCS) is a geographical area that is rich in natural resources such as crude oil and is a very strategic area of ​​the economy. The SCS is surrounded by several littoral states which cause conflicts between coastal countries over the right to power over South China. There are at least 9 countries conflicting with each other in the SCS, such as the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Burma and Indonesia. The problem became even more serious when the Declaration of Decision of the International Court of Justice or the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) as the highest international institution was opposed by China because it was considered detrimental and weakening China's power. This research aims to specifically discuss the geographical position of the SCS and international law (especially UNCLOS), diplomacy issues in the maritime sector, how to regulate sea areas according to international law and disputes that occur in the SCS and the role of Indonesian diplomacy in responding to the decision of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

LAND CONFLICTS AND FOOD SECURITY IN AFRICA: AN EVIDENCE FROM DORIMON IN GHANA

This study examined the implication of land conflicts on food security in the Dorimon Traditional Area of the Wa West District of Northern Ghana. The study used a phenomenological research design approach, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection and analysis. Primary data were sought from interviews with household heads, key informants and focus group discussions. Various methods were combined to sample a total of 221 respondents from eight communities and four institutions for the study. The study revealed the existence of numerous land conflicts in the area, prominent among them are the land boundary conflict between the Guse and Dontanga Clans, land ownership conflict between Guo-Nayiri and Guo-Katung Clans and that of land ownership conflict between Charile and Nyimbale communities. Other forms of land conflicts were user conflicts between neighbouring land users and some form of limited access due to discrimination against women and settlers. The main drivers of these land conflicts were greed and selfish interest by individuals, the lack of clear land boundaries between clans, rising population pressure and the weakening of traditional institutions. Meanwhile, the study revealed that 62 per cent of household in the Dorimon Traditional Area were food insecure. It was established that land conflicts affect food security negatively as it leads to low food production, loss of income, destruction of food systems, disruption of herbal health delivery and also depletion of food stalk as a result of sale of food staff in pursuit of conflicts. Customary system of conflict resolution is the most popular system of conflict resolution in the area. In order to improve on the efforts at managing land conflicts and also mitigating their effects on food security, it is recommended that; alternative source of livelihoods should be provided to the people, traditional institutions should be strengthened, land boundaries between clans or communities should clearly be defined, demarcated and documented and, also, there should be strong stakeholder collaboration in land administration.

Tri Hita Karana in Balinese Customary Law as a Basis for The Settlement of the Village Boundary Conflict in Bali

Tri Hita Karana in balinese customary law as a basis for the settlement of the village boundary conflict in bali is the title used in this reseacrh, to demonstrate that the philosophical Tri Hita Karana is an extraordinary thought to solve the problems of the Balinese people, especially to solve the problem of village boundaries in Bali. The technicalities of the philosophical Tri Hita Karana are Parhyangan, Pawongan, Palemahan, so that the Balinese only see three technicalities of Tri Hita Karana. The objectives of this study is to examine the real form of the concept of Tri Hita Karana in resolving village boundary conflicts, and to examine the role of Pekraman Village in implementing the Tri Hita Karana concept as the guardian of the life balance of the Krama/Villager of his village community. This research method uses normative methods, namely legal research that examines written law from various aspects. This research analysis used is the analytical approach to History (approach of Historical analysis). The results revealed that Balinese people in resolving their problems, especially related to village boundaries, must always hold on to the concrete steps of Tri Hita Karana, namely Parhyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan to shape the behavior of Balinese people to bring about conflict resolution by means of family negotiations, and mutual respect and try to understand the problem by way of consensus agreement to achieve good together and create harmony.

THE LEGALITY OF BORDER SHIFTS DUE TO COASTAL RECLAMATION

<p>Based on Declaration of Djuanda, it declared that Indonesia maritime was defined as the entity of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), and thus, Indonesia is known as an archipelagic country with a very broad maritime territory directly adjacent to 10 neighboring countries. However, it poses a lot of potential maritime boundary conflict. Supported by this current advanced science, both artificial islands and coastal reclamation were being carried out. Singapore is one having a reclamation named Jurong Island, and it is very close to the territory of NKRI. As an independent country, Indonesia is attempting to protect its territory by having a diplomatic negotiation with Singapore in order to decide the legal certainty over their maritime borders, especially in east area. In addition, they need to define the legal status of that reclaimed island. Based on UNCLOS 1982 article 11 and 80, the legal status of the reclaimed island may not threaten the sovereignty of NKRI as its presence does not change the maritime territory of a country, and it has been agreed in the previous agreement.</p>

Konflik Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia Dalam Forum Komunitas Online Dan Perspektif Masyarakat Di Wilayah Perbatasan

<p align="justify">The boundary conflict of Indonesia and Malaysia always related with the differences in perceptions, understanding and responses. Therefore, by using the concept of communicate conflict from Krauss and Morella, this study analyzes the new media and social media-based online discussion forums to find the border issue which often becomes discourse. By using nethnography, texts discourse that causes differences in perception, understanding, and construction is analyzed and then compared with the findings of the actual state of border areas with ethnographic methods. Combined nethnographic and ethnographic methods in collecting, processing, analyzing and discussing the data potential conflict border areas of Indonesia and Malaysia are expected to find and decipher the Indonesia-Malaysia conflict truth. This research shows that online discussion forum users do not understand the context of boundary, while the local community shows that the harmonization of interaction and communication. Conflict in the online community forum is an extension Indonesia-Malaysia bilateral conflict has actually been completed.</p>

Redefining governance: from confusion to certainty and clarity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to resolve and remove from the governance arena in general and the project arena in particular, conflict which occurs when parties do not realise they have different meanings for common governance terms. Design/methodology/approach – Review literature on definitional confusion in general and on governance in particular and develop a method for defining an internally consistent group of terms, then apply this to a group of terms in the governance arena. Findings – Several important subjects commonly arranged under the governance banner do not actually constitute governance (strategy, behaviour, decision making). Research limitations/implications – Further work is necessary to remove similar confusion in other closely related areas, including power itself and authority as well as project and general management terms such as responsibility and accountability. Practical implications – Projects and business alike can potentially achieve significant improvements in efficiency and effectiveness through gaining consistency across current models, frameworks, policies and procedures thus reducing cross-boundary conflict. Social implications – Creation of a unifying feature within the project and management literature, shifting the understanding of the boundaries and limitations of governance. These definitions will help progress governance from complexity to simplicity, from an art to an understandable practice, from a concept that has been hijacked for partisan and political gain to a lean social tool which can be put to use for the benefit of organisations, whether public, charitable or private. Originality/value – The value is clarity – resulting in the avoidance of confusion and misunderstanding together with their consequent waste of time, resources and money.