Local Content in Zambia—a Faltering Experience?

At independence in 1964, Zambia inherited an economy driven by copper mining. This has not changed despite post-independence policies to industrialize and diversify the economy. This chapter traces the role of local content in Zambia’s mining sector in supporting industrialization and economic diversification. It assesses productive linkages and manufacturing competitiveness during the import-substitution industrialization and post-1991 liberalization and privatization periods, and the adequacy of the current policy environment. Despite diminished productivity and export competitiveness during import-substitution industrialization, that era was successful in terms of domestic manufacture of mining goods. Privatization and liberalization stymied local content capabilities, retarding industrialization and economic diversification. Post-2000 policies emphasize local content development and export competitiveness. Their success, however, depends on addressing continuing weaknesses in the regulatory environment; human and technological capital; endogenous entrepreneurship; and the macroeconomic environment.

Three Economic Depressions of the Turkish Economy

The aim of this chapter is to analyze the three depressions of Turkish economy, which are the period of Second World War, the second half of the 1970s, and between 1994 and 2001. In these depression periods, the supply-demand balance completely deteriorated, and the economy completely collapsed. The economic paradigm changed after each depression, but economic problems have never changed. As very different economical models, étatism, planning import substitution industrialization, neoliberal economy policies have been tested for Turkish economy, but none of them has been successful. The lack of knowledge of facts of economics is the main cause of depressions. For innovative strategy, the Turkish economy needs more free market and deregulation.