Temporal and nutritional effects on the weaner pig ileal microbiota

Background The porcine gastrointestinal microbiota has been linked to both host health and performance. Most pig gut microbiota studies target faecal material, which is not representative of microbiota dynamics in other discrete gut sections. The weaning transition period in pigs is a key development stage, with gastrointestinal problems being prominent after often sudden introduction to a solid diet. A better understanding of both temporal and nutritional effects on the small intestinal microbiota is required. Here, the development of the porcine ileal microbiota under differing levels of dietary protein was observed over the immediate post-weaning period. Results Ileal digesta samples were obtained at post-mortem prior to weaning day (day − 1) for baseline measurements. The remaining pigs were introduced to either an 18% (low) or 23% (high) protein diet on weaning day (day 0) and further ileal digesta sampling was carried out at days 5, 9 and 13 post-weaning. We identified significant changes in microbiome structure (P = 0.01), a reduction in microbiome richness (P = 0.02) and changes in the abundance of specific bacterial taxa from baseline until 13 days post-weaning. The ileal microbiota became less stable after the introduction to a solid diet at weaning (P = 0.036), was highly variable between pigs and no relationship was observed between average daily weight gain and microbiota composition. The ileal microbiota was less stable in pigs fed the high protein diet (P = 0.05), with several pathogenic bacterial genera being significantly higher in abundance in this group. Samples from the low protein and high protein groups did not cluster separately by their CAZyme (carbohydrate-active enzyme) composition, but GH33 exosialidases were found to be significantly more abundant in the HP group (P = 0.006). Conclusions The weaner pig ileal microbiota changed rapidly and was initially destabilised by the sudden introduction to feed. Nutritional composition influenced ileal microbiota development, with the high protein diet being associated with an increased abundance of significant porcine pathogens and the upregulation of GH33 exosialidases—which can influence host-microbe interactions and pathogenicity. These findings contribute to our understanding of a lesser studied gut compartment that is not only a key site of digestion, but also a target for the development of nutritional interventions to improve gut health and host growth performance during the critical weaning transition period.

Stability and Availability of Goods on the Market in Times of Crisis 2020 (COVID-19 Crisis) - Security of Supply in Everyday Life

The sudden introduction of restrictions related to the pandemic situation caused by the new SARS-COV-2 of virus causing COVID-19 had a significant impact on people’s lives. Limited access to products and services has caused chaos in the market. The goal of this paper is to find out the opinion on the resulting limitations in access to everyday products - during the period of partial lockdown. Based on the research, it was found that during the lockdown caused by the epidemic situation (COVID-19), people feel limited access to some products of everyday life, which in turn has an impact on their sense of anxiety and security. People noted the greatest limited availability of food products and in particular fresh fruit and vegetables, also reported limited access to pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, people confirmed that as the main reasons for anxiety and insecurity are the limited access to food products and to pharmaceuticals.

High Tide on the High Plateau

This chapter explores the period from summer 1955 to summer 1956, a year that saw the sudden introduction of class analysis and protocollectivization into Amdo's grasslands. Spurred by the nationwide “High Tide of Socialist Transformation,” which sought to collectivize agriculture at a sudden and startling pace, in fall of 1955, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized “intensive investigations” into Amdo's pastoral society, efforts meant to pave the way for the staged introduction of pastoral cooperatives. By early 1956, Qinghai's leadership had made cooperativization (hezuohua) the year's core task in pastoral areas. Under these circumstances, the underpinnings of the United Front came under pressure as socialism itself was declared the means to achieve nationality unity and economic development. With revolutionary impatience threatening to overwhelm United Front pragmatism, the rhetoric used to describe Tibetan elites began to shift as well. Rather than covictims of nationality exploitation, headmen and monastic leaders were increasingly transformed into representatives of the pastoral exploiting class.

1 John 3.12, Early Judaism and the Greek Life of Adam and Eve

The seemingly sudden introduction of an allusion to Cain and Abel in 1 Jn 3.12 is puzzling. To explain this apparent intrusion, select scholars have turned to early Jewish interpretations of Gen. 4. The purpose of this study is to provide further grist for this mill. Beginning with an appraisal of the role Jewish texts play in the analyses of Ernst Lohmeyer, Raymond Brown and Judith Lieu, it continues with a detailed study of an ancient text that has been neglected in the interpretation of 1 Jn 3.12, the Greek Life of Adam and Eve (GLAE). A consideration of key features in the story of Cain and Abel in GLAE strengthens the possibility that 1 Jn 3.12 was part and parcel of an interpretive milieu that sharpened the divide between righteous and evil, between murderer and martyr.

Plane-Strain Shear Dislocation on a Leaky Plane in a Poroelastic Solid

Solutions for the stress and pore pressure p are derived due to sudden introduction of a plane strain shear dislocation on a leaky plane in a linear poroelastic, fluid-infiltrated solid. For a leaky plane, y=0, the fluid mass flux is proportional to the difference in pore pressure across the plane requiring that Δp=R∂p/∂y, where R is a constant resistance. For R=0 and R→∞, the expressions for the stress and pore pressure reduce to previous solutions for the limiting cases of a permeable or impermeable plane, respectively. Solutions for the pore pressure and shear stress on and near y=0 depend significantly on the ratio of x and R. For the leaky plane, the shear stress at y=0 initially increases from the undrained value, as it does from the impermeable plane, but the peak becomes less prominent as the distance x from the dislocation increases. The slope (∂σxy/∂t) at t=0 for the leaky plane is always equal to that of the impermeable plane for any large but finite x. In contrast, the slope ∂σxy/∂t for the permeable fault is negative at t=0. The pore pressure on y=0 initially increases as it does for the impermeable plane and then decays to zero, but as for the shear stress, the increase becomes less with increasing distance x from the dislocation. The rate of increase at t=0 is equal to that for the impermeable fault.

Analysis of Discrete Mechanical Systems With Blockable Directions

The classification of constraints in mechanics and the various mechanical principles that apply to different types of constraints constitute a major area of research in the field of theoretical and applied mechanics. The sudden introduction of bilateral constraints into a mechanical process is blocking and its sudden removal is releasing. The sudden introduction and removal of bilateral constraints, which exist in a subset of the whole process time span, may induce impacts. An impulsive action integral is proposed for such mechanical processes. The projectors of the tangent space of the submanifold and the cotangent space are derived and the equations of motion in different constrained submanifolds are obtained by making use of the projectors. The questions of the uniqueness and the existence of the post-transition velocity are addressed.

Plane Strain Dislocations in Linear Elastic Diffusive Solids

Solutions are obtained for the stress and pore pressure due to sudden introduction of plane strain dislocations in a linear elastic, fluid-infiltrated, Biot, solid. Previous solutions have required that the pore fluid pressure and its gradient be continuous. Consequently, the antisymmetry (symmetry) of the pore pressure p about y = 0 requires that this plane be permeable (p = 0) for a shear dislocation and impermeable (∂p/∂y = 0) for an opening dislocation. Here Fourier and Laplace transforms are used to obtain the stress and pore pressure due to sudden introduction of a shear dislocation on an impermeable plane and an opening dislocation on a permeable plane. The pore pressure is discontinuous on y = 0 for the shear dislocation and its gradient is discontinuous on y = 0 for the opening dislocation. The time-dependence of the traction induced on y = 0 is identical for shear and opening dislocations on an impermeable plane, but differs significantly from that for dislocations on a permeable plane. More specifically, the traction on an impermeable plane does not decay monotonically from its short-time (undrained) value as it does on a permeable plane; instead, it first increases to a peak in excess of the short-time value by about 20 percent of the difference between the short and long time values. Differences also occur in the distribution of stresses and pore pressure depending on whether the dislocations are emplaced on permeable or impermeable planes.