COLLECTIVE MANIFESTATION OF EUROSCEPTIC PARTIES AND GROUPS CRITICAL IDEAS IN EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU) increases awareness of how far the Euroscepticism ideas spread among EU's members. As one of the pivotal EU members, the UK's withdrawal will bring consequences, especially how other countries' members perceived this action. The research focuses on how far the Eurosceptic party's critical ideas are manifested in the European Union treaties. This type of research is descriptive and qualitative. The scope of this research will focus on the Euroscepticism parties and movements in Austria, France, Italy, Netherland, and the United Kingdom. In this study, the authors use the concept of Euroscepticism to explain the classification of parties into the Euroscepticism Hard and Soft category and Neil J. Smelser's Value-Added Collective Behaviour scheme to describe the determinants of their collective action against the European Union. The result of this research is that Euroscepticism spreads throughout Europe by manifesting their critical ideas through six determinants factor, such as structural conduciveness, structural tension, growth, and spread of general beliefs, trigger factors, participant mobility, and social control. The manifestation of critical ideas carried out by Euroscepticism parties in the three countries can be seen through the Single European Act, Maastricht Treaty, Treaty Establishing Constitution for Europe, Referendum British Exit. The culmination of collective action by the Eurosceptic parties was the launch of EU critical campaigns (No to EU!) As well as a significant vote in the EU parliamentary elections.

مظاهر الطائفية في العراق- رؤية سوسيولوجية

في كتابه (نظرية السلوك الجمعي) Theory of Collective Behavior يتكلم نيل سملزر عما يسميه Structural Conduciveness أو الكوامن البنائية التي تمثل نوعاً من الخلايا (الثقافية) النائمة المعززة بتجارب تتواتر بين مدة أو مرحلة تاريخية وأخرى . تتميز تلك الكوامن بكونها قابلة للتحول من كونها خبرة شبه مستقره في اللاشعور الجمعي ، إلى فعل تتناسب قوته طرديا مع شدة ومرارة الخبرة أو الخبرات السابقة ، إلى جانب شدة ومرارة الخبرة القائمة أو الممارسة على صعيد المواقع . بمعنى أن تلك الكوامن (النائمة) ما إن تجد بيئة ذات خصائص معينة حتى تتحول من خبرة ذات مضمون اجتماعي – تاريخي إلى فعل اجتماعي ، يعيد (ترسيبها) في العقل الجمعي ، وفي الوقت ذاته يجدد تأثيرها على مستوى الواقع . أن أحداثا معينة وعوامل مساعدة مثل الإشاعات تلعب دورها في أيقاظ تلك الكوامن . في العراق لا يمكن غض النظر عن حقيقة أن العلاقات الاثنية – بما فيها الطائفية والدينية – كانت على مر التاريخ الاجتماعي تشهد توترات تتصاعد لتأخذ صورة صراعات دموية وخصوصا بتأثير عوامل مثل التدخل الخارجي (بل أن العراق كان ضحية الصراع التركي الإيراني لعدة قرون) وبتعزيز ومبررات تطلقها المنابر الدينية بنوع من (الحث) الطائفي الذي يشير ويوقظ تلك الكوامن فترتفع إلى السطح وتدفع باتجاه قياس الحاضر على الماضي بكل ما يعنيه ذلك من استحضار للعداوات والخبرات السلبية وخصوصا فيما يتعلق بقضيتين .

The Use of Network Metrics in Building Intelligence Early Warning Systems. The Structural Conduciveness Index

Specific collective behavior forms (for example, mass protests) emerge only if certain conditions are met simultaneously: good structural conduciveness of the group, a pre-existing structural strain, a formed generalized belief, the appearance of precipitating factors, a grass-roots or top-down mobilization for the action and the already-formed perception that the social control instruments are no longer in the authorities’ hands. Mass protests seem to follow this ‘perfect-storm’ recipe, from Tunis’ violent protests that kick-started the ‘Arab Spring’ to the late 2011 riots in London. This paper presents and discusses how structural conduciveness could be measured using network metrics such as k-cores, clustering, cliqueness, reciprocity, cohesion, homophily, structural holes, triad closure.

X. The Modern Indonesian Intelligentsia as Protagonist of Political Modernization

Numerous writings on intellectuals as learned or professional middle class have been published since the sixties for the obvious reason that this social group played a central role in the struggle for independence from which they emerged as the new leaders or ralers of new nations. Furthermore, being protagonist of change the intelligentsia showed their pre-eminence in giving their society a modern shape. Those studies show clearly the striking similarities of the characteristics of the intelligentsia from various developing countries. Their emergence was closely related to the expansion of western education, their marginal socio-historical location created the propensity to protagonize modernization, their oppositional role was inherent in their being a counter-elite in the colonial power structure. More similarities or parallel development can be brought up in our comparative study between India and Indonesia by asking the following questions: (1) Within the frame-work of the colonial setting what kind of factors were at work in creating the intelligentsia; (2) To what extend did endogenous factors impede the mobility and dynamics of the intelligentsia; (3) Did the intelligentsia's social origin put constraints on their capacity to accommodate themselves to new situations; (4) In fulfilling their function as intellectuals did they succeed in playing their leadership role in the nationalist movement; (5) Which structural conduciveness was necessary in order to provide a leverage to antagonize the establishment; etc. What kind of political commitment one came across among the intelligentsia? Were new ideologies quite instrumental in endorsing the intelligentsia's political role? Did they succeed in realizing political modernization?

Structural Conduciveness, Personality Characteristics and Death Anxiety

Several writers suggest that social integration attenuates death anxiety. This hypothesized relationship is conceptualized as being a result of efforts to relieve cognitive dissonance. Since the magnitude of reward derived from social participation varies with social status, it is hypothesized that death anxiety varies directly with social status. Since position in the life cycle affects the salience of death and consequently the possibility of avoiding dissonance, it is hypothesized that death anxiety varies directly with age. The predictive power of these structural position variables was then compared to that of personality correlates of death anxiety. Analysis of data from a statewide probability sample of male Virginia residents (N = 699) provided support for the hypotheses. Four dimensions of death anxiety were examined, and the structural and personality variables have nearly equivalent separate effects on two: death denial and death avoidance. Personality is a somewhat better predictor of death fear and reluctance to interact with the dying than are the social structural variables.

One-Party Dominance and Third Parties: The Pinard Theory Reconsidered

Afin d'expliquer la croissance des tiers partis au Canada, Maurice Pinard a élaboré une théorie basée sur la notion des « tendances structurales » (structural conduciveness) telle qu'énoncée par Smelser. La théorie soutient que, dans les périodes de tensions sociales, les tiers partis auront tendance à croître dans les systèmes dont la structure est marquée par la prédominance d'un parti. De plus, Pinard suggère qu'une théorie des tiers partis centrée sur les classes sociales pourrait s'avérer plus appropriée dans certaines circonstances. Après avoir examiné la notion de « prédominance » et formulé une version plus explicite de la théorie basée sur les classes sociales, l'auteur applique les deux théories à trois cas bien connus de percée des tiers partis. Il s'avère que, même si on peut déceler des éléments structuraux dans tous les cas, la seconde théorie fournit une meilleure explication que la première dans deux des trois cas, l'inverse étant vrai dans l'autre cas.