Analisa Pengaruh Perbedaan Winding terhadap Back EMF dan Ke pada PMSG 18s16p

Electrical energy depends on the non-renewable natural resources which depletion all year. It has been a reason to run the research about renewable energy. In terms of renewable energy, wind power, has various types of wind turbines which able to produce quality new renewable electrical energy. The problems should be assessed was how to wind a coil or winding in a generator needs. It was important to result a good quality wind turbine. From this study, there are 2 winding options on the PMSG 18s16p which have same winding direction for each coil with average tension. This winding obtained about 4.188 V. The second option was the winding which has an average voltage value of 4.762 V but the windings stand in the opposite direction for some coils. It should been considered by an engineer if the use of generator to produce a larger output. On the other hand, to make easier manufacturing, the next study must sacrifice the resulting output.

Physiologic Tension: Technique for Measuring and Baseline Values

Tension is one of the most discussed terms related to hernia surgery and repair. Despite the universally accepted opinion that tension and reduction of tension are important concepts in hernia repair, there is very little known about the physiologic tension of the abdominal wall related to ventral hernia repair. The purpose of this project was to attempt to measure physiologic tension in patients without hernia repair and help determine a normal baseline tension. Patients were enrolled in a prospective institutional review board–approved protocol to measure abdominal wall tension from February 2014 to present. Patients undergoing abdominal surgery without hernia repair were included. Demographic information and operative details were documented. Abdominal wall tensions were measured using scales attached to Kocher clamps that are clamped to the fascia and then brought together in the midline. Total tension, surgeon's estimation of tension, and grading of the fascia were recorded. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Eleven patients met the inclusion criteria and had tension measurements performed during surgery. The average age was 58 years, with 55 per cent of them being white and 82 per cent being male, with an average BMI of 27. Operations included exploratory laparotomy for small bowel pathology in six patients, colorectal surgery in three patients, and splenectomy in a trauma patient. Average tension measurements for these patients were 1.9 lbs. Surgeon grading of tension was an average of 2.2 (range, 1–5). Obtaining tension measurements is feasible during abdominal surgery. Physiologic tension seems to be approximately 2 pounds. Further study is needed with a larger sample of patients.

An element incorporating cracking for reinforced concrete skeletal structures at service load

An element has been proposed to take into account cracking in the reinforced concrete skeletal structures subjected to a service load. A typical skeletal member is modeled as a single element and is visualized to consist of at most five zones (cracked or uncracked). Closed-form expressions for the flexibility and stiffness coefficients and end displacements have been obtained. Furthermore, for use in everyday design, a hybrid analytical–numerical procedure has been developed using the proposed element. The procedure is analytical at the element level and numerical at the structural level. To keep the procedure analytical at the element level, the average tension stiffening characteristics are arrived at for the cracked zones. The developed procedure has been validated in limiting cases by comparison with the experimental results reported elsewhere and by comparison with the finite element method results. The proposed element would lead to a drastic reduction in computational time for large reinforced concrete structures, for example, tall reinforced concrete building frames.

Designing of Tension Control Device to Minimize Tension Variation across Weaver's Beam

The tension variations across the width of the weaver's beam cause uneven tension in the fabric formation zone. As a result of the tension variation, the woven fabric tends to have fabric defects, such as non-uniform fabric density and differential dye take–up at various places on the fabric. As the warp ends are continuously subjected to varying tensions, warp breakage frequently occurs. As a result, the quality of the fabric produced suffers and there is reduced loom efficiency. However, uniformity in the fabric density is crucial, especially for technical and smart textiles. In this paper, the authors have attempted to model the varyingtensions across different segments of a warp sheet under a set of assumptions and derived a linear model. Furthermore, a prototype of an automatic tension control device is instrumentedwith two different positions which are located one meter apart and allows the tension variations across the warp-sheet to be practically observed. The measured average tension shows that variations in the internal tension on different segments of the warp-sheet can be minimized or even completely eliminated over time. With the implementation of a related experiment, the authors have shown the effectiveness of this automatic tension controller and its strong implications for the industry.

Patient-reported outcomes on integrative therapies for pain, tension, and level of comfort.

58 Background: The 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) reported more than one-third of adults used some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). An analysis of 2002 NHIS data found CAM use to be more prevalent among people with a prior diagnosis of cancer. In 1999, St. Luke’s Mountain States Tumor Institute (MSTI) began an integrative therapies program to meet this growing interest and provide evidence-based, safe CAM modalities for patients. The program continues to grow and offers programs such as massage, acupuncture, and pediatric music therapy. Methods: Patient reported outcomes are collected from patients using pre/post treatment assessments. Outpatient massage and acupuncture programs measure comfort levels pre/post treatment using a 0-10 scale (0 = very comfortable; 10 = worst discomfort). The inpatient massage program measures pre/post treatment pain and tension using a 0-10 scale (0 = no pain/tension; 10 = worst pain/tension). Finally, the MSTI pediatric music therapy program collects pre/post treatment pain outcomes using a FLACC scale, where each of the five categories Face (F), Legs (L), Activity (A), Cry (C) and Consolability (C) are scored from 0-2, which results in a total score 0-10. Results: Assessments from outpatient acupuncture and massage collected between July 1, 2011 to July 1, 2012 showed that patients had an average comfort score of 3.6 before acupuncture and 2.0 after acupuncture and an average comfort score of 3.4 before massage and 0.77 after massage (n=1300 estimate). Inpatient massage outcomes collected between Dec. 2011 – June 2012 showed an average pain score of 2.53 before massage and 0.41 after massage and an average tension score of 4.73 before massage and 0.52 after massage (n=52). MSTI pediatric music therapy outcomes collected from January-April 2012 showed an average FLACC score of 3.0 before music therapy and 0.72 after music therapy (n=68). Conclusions: Integrative therapies such as massage, acupuncture and pediatric music therapy show significant benefits in providing comfort and decreasing pain and tension in MSTI cancer patients. Opportunities remain to conduct research and set a standard of practice with integrative therapies.

Dynamic Behavior of a Submersible Fish Cage

Fish cage system is influenced by various external forces from the ocean environments, and the movements and the deformation of the cage by these external forces affect the safety of the cage itself, as well as that of the cultured organisms. In this research, submersible fish cage was designed to endure less physical stress by harsh sea conditions, and to keep the organisms in safer life by reducing the stress through exposure and movement. The submersible cage system consists of netting, mooring ropes, floating collar, floats, sinkers and anchors. Mass-spring model was used to predict the dynamic response of the cage subjected to tidal currents and waves. Computer simulation was performed for fish cage at the surface and submerged positions to investigate the dynamics of the motion and to calculate mooring line tensions. As expected, the average tension value of the mooring line for the submerged cage were less, being 64% of what we got in the case of surface position under the current velocity of 0.5 m/s combined with the waves. As the waves was used in combination with the current velocity of 1.0 m/s, the average tensile load for the submerged cage showed 85% of the value for the floating cage. The simulation results provide an improved understanding of the dynamic behaviors of the structure and their capability to withstand in subject to sever environmental loadings, and also valuable information on the optimized design of the cage system exposed to the open ocean environmental factors.

A double-puncture technique for improving the accuracy of puncture tensiometer measurements

Measurements taken with a puncture tensiometer are biased due to the small positive pressure exerted on the system when the syringe needle is inserted into the air space at the top of the tensiometer. An equation based on Boyle's Law, relating two successive measurements from puncture tensiometers to the initial tension, was developed to correct this problem. The initial tension, T0, inside the puncture tensiometer can be calculated from T21/ T2 where T is the tension inside the puncture tensiometer and the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the first and second readings taken with the puncture tensiometer meter. Laboratory testing at tensions of 5, 10, 20 and 40 kPa showed that average results from this double-puncture technique were within 0.2 kPa of the actual tension. All results using this technique were accurate to 6%. In contrast, the average tension calculated from the single-puncture tensiometer readings underestimated the actual tension by up to 2.3 kPa and the maximum errors were approximately 10%. Use of the double-puncture technique will improve puncture tensiometer measurements in the field without the need to wait for re-equilibration of the pressure or application of calibration equations.

Creep Tests of Rotating Disks at Elevated Temperature and Comparison With Theory

A theoretical and experimental program involving methods of calculating creep in rotating disks at elevated temperatures is described. This program consisted primarily of the following: (a) Obtaining forged disks from the same ingot of 12 per cent chrome steel, all disks being forged and heat-treated in the same manner; (b) making spin tests at 1000 F on three of these disks for periods up to about 1000 hr; ( ) making long-time tension-creep tests at 1000 F on many specimens cut out circumferentially from several of the other disks at stresses approximating those of the spin tests; (d) investigating theoretical methods of calculation of creep deformation in such disks; and (e) comparison of spin-test results with those calculated theoretically using average tension-creep data. It was found that available methods of calculating rotating disks based on the Mises criterion gave creep deformations too low compared to the test values, i.e., on the unsafe side for design. Considerably better agreement between test and theoretical results is obtained if the latter is based on the maximum-shear theory. Some discussion is given of the reasons for the better agreement obtained using the latter theory; these are believed to be related in part to the anisotropy of the forged material tested. Further tests on other materials are necessary before general conclusions can be drawn; however, in the absence of test data it is suggested that a conservative course in design for such disks is to apply the maximum-shear theory.