Associations between Dust Exposure and Hospitalizations in El Paso, Texas, USA

The Southwestern USA has been identified as one of the most persistent dust-producing regions of North America, where exposure to inhalable particulate matter (PM10) originating from desertic landscape during dust events/dust exposures (DEs) can reach hazardous levels. El Paso, Texas’s ambient air has reached hazardous levels of PM10 from dust with near zero visibility due to these natural events originating in the surrounding Chihuahuan Desert. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dust exposures in El Paso (generally acute, short-term exposures from nearby source areas) are associated with significant increases in hospitalizations on the day of the exposure and up to seven days afterwards. Using a Poisson regression, it was found that the relative risks of hospitalizations due to a variety of conditions were associated with dust exposures (through increases of 100 μg/m3 maximum hourly PM10 and/or increases of 4.5 m/s maximum hourly wind speed) in El Paso County, Texas between 2010 and 2014. Valley fever, coronary atherosclerosis, genitourinary diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, injury and poisoning, circulatory system conditions, respiratory system diseases, births, septicemia, Associated Diseases (the aggregation of hospital admissions for all causes, each associated with at least 5% of hospitalizations), and all ICD-9 admissions were significantly positively associated with dust exposures, indicated from higher to lower significant risk, at different lag periods after exposure. These findings, showing that an association does exist between dust exposures and hospitalizations, have important implications for residents of the world’s dryland cities.

The Wechsel Gneiss Complex of Eastern Alps: an Ediacaran to Cambrian continental arc and its Early Proterozoic hinterland

Many metamorphosed basement complexes in the Alps are polymetamorphic and their origin and geological history may only be deciphered by detailed geochronology on the different members including oceanic elements like ophiolites, arc successions, and continental passive margin successions. Here we present a case study on the Lower Austroalpine Variegated Wechsel Gneiss Complex and the overlying low-grade metamorphosed Wechsel Phyllite Unit at the eastern margin of Alps. The Wechsel Gneiss Complexes are known to have been overprinted by Devonian metamorphism, and both units were affected by Late Cretaceous greenschist facies metamorphism. New U–Pb zircon ages reveal evidence for two stages of continental arc-like magmatism at 500–520 Ma and 550–570 Ma in the Variegated Wechsel Gneiss Complex. An age of ca. 510 Ma of detrital zircons in metasedimentary rocks also constrain the maximum age of metasedimentary rocks, which is younger than Middle Cambrian. The overlying Wechsel Phyllite Unit is younger than 450 Ma (Late Ordovician) and seems to have formed by denudation of the underlying Variegated Wechsel Gneiss Complex. We speculate on potential relationships of the continental arc-type magmatism of the Variegated Wechsel Gneiss Complex and potential oceanic lithosphere (Speik complex) of Prototethyan affinity, which is also preserved in the Austroalpine nappe complex. The abundant, nearly uniform 2.1 Ga- and ca. 2.5 Ma-age signature of detrital zircons in metasediments (paragneiss, quartzite) of the Variegated Wechsel Gneiss Complex calls for Lower Proterozoic continental crust in the nearby source showing the close relationship to northern Gondwana prominent in West Africa and Amazonia.

Phylogenetic Analysis of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus within Two Southwestern United State Counties: a case for a bulk introduction event into the southwest United States

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) has been seasonally detected within the Culex spp. populations within Maricopa County, Arizona and Coachella Valley, California since an outbreak in Maricopa County in 2015. Previous work revealed that the outbreak was caused by an importation of SLEV genotype III, which had only been detected within Argentina in prior years. However, little is known about when the importation occurred or the population dynamics since its arrival into the southwestern United States. In this study, we wanted to determine if the annual detection of SLEV in Maricopa and Riverside counties is due to enzootic cycling or new importations. To address this question, we analyzed 143 SLEV genomes (138 sequenced as part of this study) using the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis software, BEAST, to estimate the date of arrival into the American Southwest and characterize the underlying population structure of SLEV. Phylogenetic clustering showed that SLEV variants circulating in Arizona and California form two distinct populations with little evidence of transmission among the two populations since the onset of the outbreak. Interestingly, the SLEV variants in Coachella Valley appear to be annually imported from a nearby source, whereas the Arizona population is locally sourced each year. Finally, the earliest representatives of SLEV genotype III in the southwestern US formed a polytomy that includes both California and Arizona samples. We propose that the initial outbreak could have resulted from an introductory population of SLEV, perhaps in one or more bird flocks migrating north in 2013, rather than a single variant introduced by one bird.