PENERAPAN UNSUR TINDAK PIDANA MELAKUKAN PENJUALAN BARANG TIDAK SESUAI DENGAN SPESIFIKASI BARANG DALAM KEMASAN OLEH PELAKU USAHA (STUDI PADA SUBDIT I INDAGSI DITRESKRIMSUS POLDA SUMBAR)

The case of fraudulent acts, especially the problem of the contents in the packaging that is not in accordance with what is described in the packaging label is regulated in Article 382 of the Criminal Code. One of them is handled by the West Sumatra Regional Police's Ditreskrimsus. This is in accordance with the Police Report Number: LP / 303 / A / XI / 2019 / Spkt-Sbr, November 4, 2019, with the alleged criminal act intentionally including or making statements or statements that are misleading or not in accordance with the actual conditions or incorrect item label found on Tuesday, October 1, 2019. The approach used in this study is a normative juridical approach supported by an empirical juridical approach. From the results of the research and discussion it can be concluded that: First, the elements of a criminal act of selling goods not in accordance with the specifications of goods in packaging by business actors in Sub-Directorate I of the Directorate General of Criminal and Criminal Investigation of the West Sumatra Regional Police, are: Article 144 Jo Article 100 paragraph (2) of Law Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food, and Article 62 paragraph (1) of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Second, the application of the elements of a criminal act of selling goods that are not in accordance with the specifications of packaged goods by business actors in Sub-Directorate I of the Directorate General of Criminal and Criminal Investigation of the West Sumatra Regional Police is Article 144 Jo Article 100 paragraph (2) of Law Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food, by looking at a) Anyone, b) Intentionally, and c) provide information or statements that are untrue or misleading on labels. As well as Article 62 paragraph (1) of Law Number 8 Year 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, with the following elements: a) not in accordance with the conditions; b) guarantee, features or efficacy; and c) as stated in the label, etiquette or description of the goods and / or services. Third, the obstacles encountered by the Subdit I Indagsi Ditreskrimsus Polda West Sumatra, are internal constraints and external constraints. There are internal obstacles: a) political intervention that makes this case stop; and b) given SP3. Meanwhile, the external constraints are: a) The modus operandi of the perpetrator is always changing; b) officials from related institutions who are less cooperative; and c) lack of socialization to the community, the efforts made in overcoming the obstacles have been adjusted to the needs of external and internal constraints`

Using a betting game to reveal the rich nature of visual working memories

When we ask people to hold a color in working memory, what do they store? Do they remember colors as point estimates (e.g. a particular shade of red) or are memory representations richer, such as uncertainty distributions over feature space? We developed a novel paradigm (a betting game) to measure the nature of working memory representations. Participants were shown a set of colored circles and, after a brief memory delay, asked about one of the objects. Rather than reporting a single color, participants placed multiple bets to create distributions in color space. The dispersion of bets was correlated with performance, indicating that participants’ internal uncertainty guided bet placement. Furthermore, relative to the first response, memory performance improved when averaging across multiple bets, showing that memories contain more information than can be conveyed in a single response. Finally, information about the item in memory was present in subsequent responses even when the first response would generally be classified as a guess or report of an incorrect item, suggesting that such failures are not all-or-none. Thus, memory representations are more than noisy point estimates; they are surprisingly rich and probabilistic.

Retrospective prioritization of multiple items during working memory storage

Working memory (WM) performance can be improved by an informative cue presented during storage. This effect, termed a retro-cue benefit, can be used to explore mechanisms of attentional prioritization in WM. Directing attention to a single item stored in memory is known to increase memory precision while decreasing the likelihood of incorrect item reports and random guesses, but it is unclear whether similar benefits manifest when participants direct attention to multiple items stored in memory. We tested this possibility by quantifying memory performance when participants were cued to prioritize one or two items stored in working memory. Consistent with prior work, cueing participants to prioritize a single memory item yielded higher recall precision, fewer swap errors, and fewer guesses relative to a neutral cue condition. Conversely, cueing participants to prioritize two memory items yielded fewer swap errors relative to a neutral condition, but no differences in recall precision or guess rates. Although swap rates were less likely during the cue-two vs. neutral conditions, planned comparisons revealed that when participants made swap errors during cue-two trials they were far more likely to confuse two prioritized stimuli than they were to confuse a prioritized stimulus vs. a non-prioritized stimulus. Our results suggest that it is possible to prioritize multiple items stored in memory, with the caveat that doing so may increase the probability of confusing prioritized items.

Computation Error Analysis: Students With Mathematics Difficulty Compared To Typically Achieving Students

Though proficiency with computation is highly emphasized in national mathematics standards, students with mathematics difficulty (MD) continue to struggle with computation. To learn more about the differences in computation error patterns between typically achieving students and students with MD, we assessed 478 third-grade students on a measure of mathematics computation. Results indicated that using the wrong operation was the most common identifiable error for all students. Students with MD had similar accuracy rates for item categories (e.g., addition items) compared to typically achieving students, but students with MD consistently had more variability in incorrect item responses. This study has implications for efficacious computation instruction for students in the elementary grades.