Unused resources in global maritime distress safety system: digital selective call

Цифровой избирательный вызов (ЦИВ) в Глобальной морской системе связи при бедствии и безопасности не позволяет передавать какой-либо текст, содержание которого отличается от разрешённых возможностей в семи форматах ЦИВ. Использование биграмм и триграмм для интерпретации произвольного текста и неиспользованные резервы в символах управления в форматах ЦИВ могут изменить эту ситуацию. Эта идея может быть распространена, по меньшей мере, на языки, в которых используется буквенный принцип записи текста. Идея остаётся в силе для языков с иероглифической формой записи, если существует ещё и альтернативная буквенная форма представления текста, подобная Путунхуа в китайском языке. Использование преимуществ ЦИВ в возможности определения ошибки в каждом принятом символе, двойная передача символов (в DX и RX позициях) даёт возможность изменения принципов приёма информации по безопасности мореплавания. Более того, НАВ-ТЕКС и ИБН УБПЧ можно объединить в одну общую систему передачи информации по безопасности мореплавания. Существует возможность исправления ошибок при принятии символов в расширенном цифровом избирательном вызове, используя перестановку символов при многоканальной трансляции информации по безопасности мореплавания. Как результат, будет отсутствовать необходимость учёта 4% норматива ошибок на объём принятого текста, поскольку ошибки в принятом тексте отсутствуют. Предложены способы организации произвольных сообщений и сообщений по безопасности мореплавания на английском и русском языках со сжатием информации при помощи расширенного цифрового избирательного вызова. Digital Selective Call (DSC) in Global Maritime Distress Safety System does not allow to broadcast any information that differs from allowed abilities in seven DSC formats. Using bigrams and trigram for interpretation of custom text and unused reserve of control char-acters in DSC formats would change this situation. This idea can be extended at least to the languages with a letter form of writing text. It is in valid for languages with hiero-glyphic notation, if alternative letter additional form exists, like Putonghua in Chinese language. Using DSC advantages in possibility error detecting in every received symbols, two times transmission of symbols (in DX and RX positions) and error-check characters in DX and RX positions give the opportunity to change principles of Maritime Safety Infor-mation (MSI) to be received on board the vessels. Moreover, NAVTEX and MSI NBDP systems can be combined in one common system. There is a possibility to correct errors in received symbols in Advanced Digital Selective Call using permutation of characters in multi-channel MSI broadcasting. As result, there is no need to use four percent reference error rate at received MSI text volume, because broadcasted information has not errors. Ways to organize self-compressing custom messages and Maritime Safety Information messages in English and Russian by Advanced Digital Selective Call has been offered.

PERSEPSI SISWA TERHADAP CARD SORT SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN HIRAGANA

AbstrackLatters or in Japanese are known as moji is one of the characteristics of Japanese. There are three types of letters in Japanese namely kanji, kana and romaji. One part of kana’s letter is hiragana. When learners learning about hiragana still often encounter problems as similar letter form and number of hiragana. In reference to the results of the questionnaire who had the researchers spread beforehand at the learner while carrying out field work practices at SMAN 3 Bukittinggi showed that learners needed media to facilitate learning to remember and understand hiragana. To overcomethe difficulty in understanding the hiragana, researchers have tried to use one of the types of visual media, namely card sort. The goal of this study is to expose the perceptions of student against card sort as a hiragana learning media. The research method of this study is descriptive quantitative. While the sampling technique uses in this study was purposive sampling. The respondents in this study is the students of class X BAHASA which amount of 35 peoples. This research instrument is a questionnaire. The type of questionnaire used is closed type questionnaire. Based on the results of the questionnaire analysis, it is kwon that the student’s perception of the card sort as a “good” hiragana learning media with a percentage of 83,32%. Refers to these results it can be seen that the media card sort can be used to facilitate the side to remember and understand hiragana. AbstrakHuruf (moji) merupakan salah satu karakteristik bahasa Jepang. terdapat tiga jenis huruf dalam bahasa Jepang yaitu, Kanji, Kana dan Romaji. Salah satu bagian dari huruf kana adalah hiragana. Dalam mempelajari hiragana ditemui beberapa masalah yang dialami oleh pembelajar yaitu, sering terkecohnya pembelajar dengan bentuk hiragana yang hampir mirip dan jumlah dari hiragana. Berdasarkan hasil angket yang telah peneliti sebarkan sebelumnya pada pembelajar saat melaksanakan praktek lapangan kependidikan (PLK) di SMAN 3 Bukittinggi menunjukkan bahwa pembelajar memerlukan media untuk mempermudah pembelajar mengingat dan memahami hiragana. Untuk mengatasi kesulitan dalam memahami hiragana tersebut, peneliti sudah mencoba menggunakan salah satu jenis media visual yaitu card sort. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi atau tanggapan siswa terhadap media card sort apabila digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran hiragana. Adapun metode penelitian dari penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Taknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa X BAHASA tahun ajaran 2019/2020 yang berjumlah 35 orang. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah angket jenis tertutup. Berdasarkan hasil dari analisis angket, diketahui bahwasannya persepsi atau tanggapan siswa terhadap card sort sebagai media pembelajaran hiragana mayoritas “baik” dengan persentase 83,32%. Dari hasil tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa media card sort dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan siswa untuk mengingat dan memahami hirgana.

An Unknown Prayer of Akindynos in the 12th Century Russian Manuscript and an Attempt to Create the Russian “Minuscule”

The article is devoted to the unknown prayer to St. John Damascene preserved on the margins of the oldest Russian 12th century copy of the “Theology” by this Orthodox thinker. Its text is badly damaged and almost not readable. It has been visualized by the multispectral method with subsequent digital processing and published in this work. The text of the prayer was written in a unique type of ligature writing, which has only survived in one more codex. On the basis of codicological, paleographic and historical data, both texts have been dated to the last third of the 14th century and localized in Moscow. The article puts forward a hypothesis about the connection of the unusual ligature writing with the metropolitan scriptorium at the Moscow Chudov Monastery where there were Greek manuscripts at that time and new translations of liturgical texts were underway. Its appearance was probably due to the need of creating a new book letter design instead of the “ustav” (majuscule) in order to speed up the scribe’s work and save parchment. The original solution was inspired by the Greek ligature script and minuscule. However, this artificial style of writing did not spread out; the “ustav” was soon replaced by the “poluustav” letter form.

Comparison of Gurumukhi and Latin scripts in handwriting identification: A forensic perspective

The present study has been carried out to study the possibility of handwriting comparison in cases where document under question is inscribed in different language and the available standards are in other language. The aspect is prevalent in the field of languages since people around the globe are being attracted to learn new languages, but their native language always has some impact on the next learned languages. Punjabi is the first language taught in the schools of Punjab and other languages afterward. Punjabi is the mother tongue of Punjab area and in contemporary times most of the population of Punjab leaning towards learning English language. For this study, 1200 samples in Punjabi and English from 100 individuals who studied English as well as Punjabi and using these languages on a daily basis were collected and analyzed. Class characteristics like alignment, slant, size, the arrangement of a piece of handwriting, connections, fluency line quality of handwriting along with the characters of letter form and formation were considered and the results were further analyzed statistically using Chi-square test. The results of the present study revealed the handwriting written in distinct scripts is similar and comparable with each other. Additionally, the study will help correlate a person’s handwriting with ethnicity, nationality, and region based on the characters present in the handwriting samples.

V-МІНІМІЗАЦІЯ БУЛЕВИХ ФУНКЦІЙ ЗА МАТРИЦЕЮ ВІДСТАНЕЙ ТА ЗВЕДЕННЯМ ДО ЗАДАЧІ МАТЕМАТИЧНОГО ПРОГРАМУВАННЯ

The further development of the analytical method for minimizing Boolean functions (BF) in the class of disjunctive normal forms by the numbers of sets of argument values, called -minimization, is proposed. Such an approach allows to reduce the process of minimizing the BF to the use of an exclusively analytical description of all its steps using functions of the number of the set of the BF argument values. In general, the idea is to develop such a toolkit that allows at all stages of the minimization process to operate only with numerical objects – Boolean vectors, not involve a visual analysis of the results of the intermediate steps, and not resort to attracting letter objects. In the future, the implementation of this idea at the software level for computers is assumed. The article consists of two parts. The first part is about calculating the Hamming distance between two Boolean vectors. Its equality to unity is a necessary and sufficient condition for gluing together the constituents of unity (zero) or elementary conjunctions (disjunctions). The Hamming distance between two sets of variable values was calculated using the Zhegalkin operation (inversion of equivalence), the distance matrix was compiled, and the abbreviated disjunctive normal form (DNF) was determined from it. From the abbreviated DNF deadlock form, and among them the minimal ones, were obtained by sorting out subsets of the set of units of the distance matrix. Deadlock forms are found by the units to which the implicants, covering all units of the set of BF values, correspond. The final result is presented, of course, in letter form. The second part of the article is devoted to the formulation and solution of the problem of minimizing BF as a problem of linear integer mathematical programming. The goal function is the arithmetic sum of all implicants of the abbreviated DNF. The system of restrictions is based on the fact that among the set of simple implicants, it is necessary to choose the smallest number of them so that all constituents of the unit of the original BF are covered. Restrictions are based on how much the constituent of a unit is covered by one or another implicant, and they are written in the form of linear inequalities through the symbol "greater than or equal to" with the right-hand sides equal to unity. The solution of the mathematical programming problem requires the use of a distance matrix. Examples of -minimization of BF are given.

Adaptation of Personal Names: Transliteration, Transcription or Renomination?

Lexical-and-semantic class of personal names is characterized with a number of specific properties and functions. Synchronically, without appealing to etymology, those individual (individualized) names fulfil a secondary nomination function due to their semiotic function, which makes it possible interpret personal names as symbolic cultural codes belonging to national linguistic worldviews. Still, in course of cross-cultural communication, linguistic contacts demand personal names be translated from one language to another one. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the possibility of adaptation of personal names conserving their own semiotic and national identity while being globally transposed both into various languages and linguistic worldviews, including the general global linguistic worldview. As is generally acknowledged, due to the intranslatability of personal names, though languages of the European area reveal some correlations, the principle method to adapt them in literary and mass-media texts as well as in course of colloquial communication is the transformation of their exterior sound-and-letter form, so the foreground is made by the norms and rules of transliteration on the basis of the so-called “ideal” Latin alphabet and “practical” transcription which are closely interconnected and fixed as standard ones in the documents of international associations, e.g., ISO, MFO, etc. However, the alphabets and pronouncing norms of national languages are realized controversially which inevitably leads to developing variations and the necessity to revise the established standards. The implicitly positive result of personal names adaptation is the unification of transliteration, considering that even for languages using the hieroglyphic or letter-syllabic writing systems, special alphabets are developed, e.g., pingyin for Chinese or hangul for Korean, which have to provide the conventional communication in the intersection of languages and culture.

Brief aus Südkorea

The following contribution attempts to outline the current situation of philosophy in South Korea. The thesis is advocated that the current situation cannot be understood solely in terms of history of philosophy or research-historical contexts, but that the specifics of Korean philosophy in research and teaching can only be adequately explained against the background of far-reaching and partly global political and cultural-historical contexts. On the basis of a general sketch of the historical situation in South Korea as well as on the basis of a few individual observations (common for the classic letter form) in everyday life outside and inside of the University, an attempt is made to capture typical features of philosophical life in Korea. Above all, the direct influence of global axes of conflict and the resulting accelerated dynamic of cultural changes on philosophy and its concrete forms in research and teaching should be made clear. In addition, the particularly pluralistic character of Korean philosophy can be understood in this way.

Using Head-Mounted Eye-Tracking to Study Handwriting Development

Even with the increasing use of technology in the classroom, handwriting remains a developmental foundation of education. When children fail to learn to write efficiently, they encounter cascading difficulties in using writing to communicate and learn content. Traditionally, the development of handwriting has been studied via neuropsychological testing or the moment-to-moment kinematics of pen movements. By measuring children’s handwriting with neuropsychological testing, investigators have determined that children’s visual-motor integration abilities predict children’s handwriting. Further, by measuring children’s pen movements while writing, investigators have determined that children’s handwriting becomes more fluent as they become skilled writers. Both of these literatures have advanced our understanding of handwriting substantially, but fall short of providing a full account of handwriting development. Here, we offer a perception–action account of handwriting development by describing how eye and hand movements become integrated during early writing. We describe how head-mounted eye-tracking technology can be used to measure children’s eye movements as they write in real-time. We illustrate this approach with findings from research on letter, form, and word copying in school-entry age children. We conclude by discussing how a perception–action approach can be extended for use with atypical populations.

ISLAMIC LAW OF PROCEDURE: An Analysis of Kitâb al-Qâdhî ila al-Qâdhî in Islamic Legal Literature

<strong>Abstrak:</strong> <strong>Hukum Acara Islam: Analisis <em>Kitâb al-Qâdhî ila al-Qâdhî </em>dalam Literatur Hukum Islam. </strong>Telah jamak diterima di sementara kalangan ilmuwan bahwa hukum Islam tidak memiliki prosedur, dan memiliki jejak akar kemunculannya pada sistem yang dikenal dalam sistem hukum sekuler. Esai ini menganalisis asal usul gagasan prosedur hukum dengan menelusuri konsep awal yang ditemukan dalam <em>genre</em> <em>Kitâb al-Qâdhî ilâ al-Qâdhî</em> yang tergabung dalam literatur hukum <em>fuqaha'</em> atau ahli hukum Islam. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menganalisis materi hukum pada surat hakim kepada hakim lain yang ditemukan dalam karya-karya berbagai ulama hukum Islam. Temuan penelitian ini mengimplikasikan bahwa meskipun ada penyederhanaan beberapa ilmuwan pada hukum pembuktian Islam, ada diskusi yang sangat kompleks tentang masalah ini dalam karya ulama hukum Islam. Selanjutnya, catatan sejarah hukum pembuktian dalam Islam ini telah menjadi bagian integral dari praktik sosial dan hukum pada masa awal, yang sejarahnya dapat dianggap sebagai konsepsi awal hukum pembuktian dalam Islam.<br /><strong><br />Kata Kunci</strong>: Hukum Islam, prosedur, bukti, dokumenter, sejarah hukum<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Abstract:</strong> It has been commonly accepted amongst some scholars that Islamic law lacks of procedure and that it had indebted greatly to the system known in the secular system of law. This essay attempts to analyze the origin of the idea of the law procedure by tracing the very early concept found in the genre of <em>Kitâb al-Qâdhî ilâ al-Qâdhî </em>(a letter form one judge to another judge) incorporated in the legal literature of <em>fuqahâ’</em> or Islamic jurisprudents. The study is a qualitative research by in depth analysis on legal materials on the letter of a judge to another judge found in the works of various Islamic law scholars. The finding of this study implies that despite the over-simplication of some scholars on the Islamic law of evidence, there exist a very complex discussion of the issue in the works of Islamic law scholars. It is conceivable to assert that this historical record of law of evidence in Islam had become an integral part of the social and legal practices of the early time that could be regarded as the early inception of law of evidence in Islam.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Islamic law, procedure, evidence, documentary, legal history