Norma językowa jako fakt społeczny fundowany na uzusie. Uwagi w kontekście Słownika właściwych użyć języka

The prescriptive approach has been prevalent in discussions about the linguistic norm for many decades. Many linguists question the primacy of social custom and make many arbitrary changes to establish the subjective form of the norm. In connection with the planned The Dictionary of Proper Uses of Languagethe author of the article presents the best structuralist traditions and calls for research on the linguistic norm which is based on descriptive methods. It is necessary to completely break away from all manifestations of arbitrariness and subjectivity in contemporary prescriptive linguistics. The fundamental premise that the linguistic norm is a fact based on usus must be reflected in relevant procedures aimed at analyzing corpora consisting of millions of words. Such an approach will make it possible to establish a model that comprises more than just individual language uses. As far as dictionary definitions are concerned, the most frequent, widespread and thus typical linguistic units should be primarily considered to be normative. Typicality, determined by frequency, as well as textual, social and territorial conditions, is the most important category.

Canal flare index evaluation for different dog breeds

ABSTRACT: This study determined the canal flare index (CFI) of four dog breeds using two distinct femoral regions as a reference. Thirty-five radiographs of the hip joints of Golden Retrievers (GRG), German Shepherds (GSG), Labrador Retrievers (LRG), and Rottweilers (RG) of both sexes were used. Seventy experimental units were submitted to CFI calculation. Objective (CFIob) and subjective (CFIsub) values of the CFI of each experimental unit were determined according to the anatomical reference used for the calculation. A significant difference in the CFIob between the Golden Retriever and German Shepherd breeds (1.68 ± 0.16 and 1.49 ± 0.08), and in the CFIsub between Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, and Rottweiler breeds (2.09 ± 0.31, 1.86 ± 0.11, and 1.84 ± 0.18) was reported. The subjective form of measurement showed higher values than the objective form (GRG: 2.09 ± 0.31; GSG: 1.86 ± 0.11; LRG: 2.07 ± 0.12; RG: 1.84 ± 0.18). The CFI values of each breed were similar, suggesting a certain racial pattern. A significant difference in the interobserver assessment for both CFIsub and CFIob, in all races was observed. The CFI analysis identified morphological patterns of the proximal femur in the different races. Results indicated the need for standardization of the anatomical references used to calculate the CFI because there were statistical differences among the measurements among the observers.

Freiheit unter Bedingungen der Zeit? Schellings neuer Zeitbegriff im Nachgang zurFreiheitsschrift

The concept of human freedom developed by Schelling in the Freiheitsschrift (1809) prompted him to explore a new concept of time in his Weltalter project. Schelling proposes the ‘generic subjectivity of time’: Time must be understood not as a precondition of dynamism, but rather as an effect of dynamic agency. The articulation of time into its moments, ‘presence’, ‘past’, and ‘future’, is realized through the dynamic contributions (motion, causality, and action) of every single causally involved being. Schelling’s concept thus fundamentally differs from Kant’s concept of time. For Kant, change and dynamism are located in the sensible world, whereas time (as well as space) is the subjective form of our sensible intuition. As such, time must be seen as a precondition of change and dynamism for Kant.

Thresholded ConvNet ensembles: neural networks for technical forecasting

Much of modern practice in financial forecasting relies on technicals, an umbrella term for several heuristics applying visual pattern recognition to price charts. Despite its ubiquity in financial media, the reliability of its signals remains a contentious and highly subjective form of ‘domain knowledge’. We investigate the predictive value of patterns in financial time series, applying machine learning and signal processing techniques to 22 years of US equity data. By reframing technical analysis as a poorly specified, arbitrarily preset feature-extractive layer in a deep neural network, we show that better convolutional filters can be learned directly from the data, and provide visual representations of the features being identified. We find that an ensemble of shallow, thresholded convolutional neural networks optimised over different resolutions achieves state-of-the-art performance on this domain, outperforming technical methods while retaining some of their interpretability.

A novel autologous-made matrix using hyaline cartilage chips and platelet-rich growth factors for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage or osteochondral defects: Preliminary results

Purpose: To report the clinical, functional, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based outcomes of a novel autologous-made matrix consisting of hyaline cartilage chips combined with mixed plasma poor rich in platelets clot and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) for the treatment of knee full-thickness cartilage or osteochondral defects. Methods: Between July 2015 and January 2018, all patients with full-thickness cartilage or osteochondral defects undergoing this novel cartilage restoration surgical technique were approached for eligibility. Indications for this procedure included traumatic or atraumatic full-thickness knee cartilage defects or osteochondritis dissecans. Patients were included if they had no concomitant use of stem cells, previous ipsilateral cartilage repair procedure, or follow-up was less than 10 months. The outcomes included data on current symptoms, physical exam, patient-reported, and functional outcomes (visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective form, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, Lequesne index, and short form-12 (SF-12)) and the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score. These outcomes were compared to preoperative values, except for the MOCART score. Results: Fifteen patients were included in this preliminary study: mean (standard deviation (SD), range) follow-up 15.9 months (7.2, 10–32), age 26.8 years (12.1, 16–58), and body mass index 23.2 (2.1, 19.3–26.9). There were 14 men (93%) and 1 woman (7%). There was a statistically significant improvement between pre- and postoperative periods for VAS for pain ( p = 0.003), Lysholm score ( p = 0.002), IKDC subjective form ( p = 0.003), WOMAC for pain ( p = 0.005), WOMAC for stiffness ( p = 0.01), WOMAC for function ( p = 0.002), Lequesne Index ( p = 0.002), and SF-12 physical component summary ( p = 0.007). The postoperative mean (SD; range) MOCART score was 70 (12.4; 40–85). Conclusions: The use of this novel cartilage restoration surgical technique provides excellent clinical, functional, and MRI-based outcomes in young, active individuals with full-thickness cartilage or osteochondral defects. Level of evidence: Level IV—Therapeutic case series.

Reflection in Speech of the Individual-Typological Features of Language Personality

Introduction. The article is devoted to the actual psycholinguistic problem of reflecting in the various parameters of speech the features of a linguistic personality. Since speech is a unity of social, i.e. language as a sign system, and a unique individual – a subjective form of reflection of the objective reality and the way of formation and formulation of thought (Winter), which is determined by the motivational, dynamic, emotional, regulatory, cognitive characteristics of a linguistic personality, according to the author, a holistic study of all its stable communicative-speech and psychological properties, include their individual typological manifestations. The article presents the results of empirical studies of manifestations in speech of the individual typological features of various aspects of a linguistic personality, performed by N.A. Fomina and under her leadership, which allows to give a full and deep description of the personality. Methods and Techniques. The author’s method of multilevel, multicomponent analysis of the utterance as a product of individual speech activity involves considering not only the linguistic, speech, content-semantic characteristics of the text, but also the representation of the most important psychological (motivational-targeted, emotional, regulatory-volitional, cognitive, dynamic) characteristics of the subjects of speaking. Results. This article reveals the features of the reflection in speech of typological manifestations of the activity, interhemispheric asymmetry, the originality of intelligence, semantic sphere, value orientations, various types of self-regulation, the organization of initiative, sociability and perseverance, expressing the integral essence of the personality. Conclusions. The specific manifestations of the individual typological features of linguistic personality described in the article, primarily due to the specifics of the activity, orientation and self-regulation, open up great opportunities for speech diagnosis.

Arabic translation and validation of three knee scores, Lysholm Knee Score (LKS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC)

Aim of the work: Translation and validation of three commonly used knee scores to Arabic language: the Lysholm Knee Score (LKS), the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and IKDC Subjective Knee Form. Methods: Our work focused on translation and validation of the LKS, OKS and IKDC. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the LKS, OKS, and IKDC Subjective Knee Form and previous Arabic translated version of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Test−retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity were assessed, using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Results: Reliability was excellent for the Arabic IKDC subjective form (0.95), while the Arabic LKS and the Arabic OKS were good: 0.8 and 0.85, respectively. The Cronbach's ά was excellent for the Arabic LKS and Arabic OKS: 0.9 and 0.90, respectively, while the Arabic IKDC subjective form was good (0.89). Construct validity was high for the Arabic LKS and the Arabic OKS: 0.7 and 0.913, respectively, while the Arabic IKDC was moderate (0.4) in cases of ACL and meniscus injuries and mild (0.18) in cases of osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Arabic LKS and Arabic OKS were reliable and valid scores for patients complaining of ligamentous injuries, meniscus injuries, and osteoarthritis to be used for Arabic-speaking people, while the Arabic IKDC had excellent reliability and mild validity in cases of osteoarthritis and moderate validity in cases of ACL and meniscus injuries.

Sujet, narcissisme et infini

Cet article discute, à travers le parcours critique d’un récent ouvrage d’Anselm Jappe, la thèse d’une illimitation « narcissique » constitutive de la forme subjective propre aux rapports de production capitalistes contemporains. Montrant que cette perspective est fondée sur une conception monolithique et unilatérale de l’histoire du capital et de ses sujets, ainsi que sur une réduction illégitime de toute forme d’in􀏔inité au « mauvais in􀏔ini » de l’illimitation, nous soutenons la nécessité de penser un infini positif irréductible tant à l’illimitation abstraite de la valorisation qu’aux dispositifs capitalistes qui limitent les puissances d’autodétermination et d’autoactivation des individus.This article critically discusses the thesis, recently developed by Anselm Jappe, of a “narcissistic” illimitation constitutive of the subjective form typical of contemporary capitalist relations of production. By showing that this perspective is grounded on a monolithic and one-sided conception of the history of capital and its subjects, as well as on an illegitimate reduction of every form of infinity to the “bad infinity” of illimitation, we defend the necessity to conceive a positive form of infinity, irreducible to both the abstract illimitation of valorization and the capitalist apparatuses that limit the individual power of self-determination and self-activity.