Työkyvyttömyyseläkkeelle siirtymisen erot kunta-alan ja yksityisen sektorin palkansaajilla

Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kunta-alan ja yksityisen sektorin palkansaajien välisiä eroja työkyvyttömyyseläkealkavuuksissa ja sitä, miten yksilötason tekijät ovat yhteydessä näihin eroihin. Täydelle työkyvyttömyyseläkkeelle ja osatyökyvyttömyyseläkkeelle siirtymistä tarkasteltiin erikseen. Tarkasteluissa otettiin huomioon myös työkyvyttömyyden syy ja se, onko työkyvyttömyyseläke alkanut kuntoutustukena vai jatkuvana. Lisäksi otettiin huomioon työnantajan koko. Aineistona oli Eläketurvakeskuksen rekisteriaineisto (kokonaisotos), johon on liitetty tietoja Tilastokeskuksesta ja Digi- ja väestötietovirastosta. Tarkastelun kohteena oli ei-eläkkeellä oleva 30–62-vuotias työeläkevakuutettu väestö vuonna 2013. Työkyvyttömyyseläkkeelle siirtymistä mallinnettiin vuosien 2014–2017 tiedoilla käyttäen Coxin suhteellisten vaarojen mallia ja logistista regressioanalyysiä. Tulokset osoittavat, että kunta-alan ja yksityisen sektorin väliset erot työkyvyttömyyseläkkeelle siirtymisessä ovat suuremmat osatyökyvyttömyyseläkkeissä kuin täysissä työkyvyttömyyseläkkeissä. Työkyvyttömyyseläkkeelle siirtyminen on myös yleisempää suuremmilla kuin pienemmillä työnantajilla. Tämä näkyy erityisesti osatyökyvyttömyyseläkkeiden osalta. Havaitut erot kunta-alan ja yksityisen sektorin palkansaajien välillä osatyökyvyttömyyseläkealkavuuksissa pienenevät, kun yksilötason tekijät otetaan huomioon. Kunta-alalta siirrytään selkeästi useammin osatyökyvyttömyyseläkkeelle kuin yksityiseltä sektorilta. Yksilötason tekijöiden vakiointi pienentää jonkin verran kunta-alan ja yksityisen sektorin työntekijöiden välisiä havaittuja eroja osatyökyvyttömyyseläkealkavuudessa. Abstract Differences in disability retirement between municipal and private sector employees This study examines the differences in disability retirement between municipal and private sector employees and how individual-level factors associate with these differences. Disability retirement on a full and partial pension is studied separately. Differences are also studied by the cause of disability, which is the basis for a pension being granted temporarily or until further notice. In addition, the importance of company size is taken into account. Register data (100 per cent sample of Finns) from the Finnish Centre for Pensions, which include information from Statistics Finland and the Digital and Population Data Services Agency, are used. Analysis is restricted to the non-retired pension-insured population aged 30–62 in 2013. The Cox Proportional Hazard Model and logistic regression analysis are used to analyze disability retirement between 2014 and 2017. The results show that differences in disability retirement between the private and municipal sector employees were greater among those who retired on a partial disability pension than those who retired on a full disability pension. In particular, partial disability retirement was more common in larger than in smaller companies. Differences in partial disability retirement between the municipal and private sector employees were reduced after controlling for all individual-level factors. Disability retirement is more common in the municipal sector than for private sector employees. Differences are particularly large among those who retire on a partial disability pension. Adjustment of individual-level factors reduces the differences in disability retirement between private and municipal sector employees. Keywords: municipal sector, private sector, disability retirement, partial disability pension, full disability pension, temporary pension.

Working while on a disability pension in Finland: Association of diagnosis and financial factors to employment

Aims: The aim of this study was to find out whether health and financial factors are associated with engagement in paid work during a disability pension. Methods: The data included a 10 per cent sample of Finns aged 20–62 years who were drawing earnings-related full or partial disability pension in 2012 ( n = 14,418). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for working while on a full or partial disability pension. Results: Fourteen per cent of full disability pensioners and 76 per cent of partial disability pensioners were engaged in paid work. Full disability pensioners due to mental disorders were working less often than full disability pensioners due to other diseases. Partial disability pensioners due to cardiovascular diseases were working more than partial disability pensioners due to other diseases. More recent timing of disability pension was associated with working for both partial and full disability pensioners. Working while on disability pension was more common among those with higher education. Partial disability pensioners with average pension worked more often than those with high pension. Conclusions: By knowing the factors associated with working while on a disability pension, policies could be more efficiently allocated to encourage disability pensioners to take up work. One way would be to support disability pensioners with low education to work more. Another way to increase work among disability pensioners is to support the recently retired in working longer.

Safeguarding vulnerable adults: learning from the reflective assignments of pre-registration students in the adult field of nursing practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to identify safeguarding concerns for vulnerable adults, including exploring the implementation of safeguarding policy and procedures into practice. This was achieved by reviewing the content of reflective assignments written by pre-registration student nurses, identifying areas of concerns and proposing action plans. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach was initially utilised to scrutinise a random 10 per cent sample of work, which was thematically analysed. From this, an audit tool was devised and then applied to evaluate a 35 per cent sample of work from the following cohort of students. Approval and consent was gained. Findings – From the initial 10 per cent sample, themes emerged around: practice issues; areas for student's development and marking or assessment issues. The standardised audit tool was devised and applied to a 35 per cent random sample of work. This determined that students identified local safeguarding policies and procedures were being followed in the majority of placement areas, although application of the Mental Capacity Act remained inconsistent. Research limitations/implications – The assessor feedback from the reflective assignments was not available to the reviewers, limiting the reviewers ability to identify if assessors had recognised and corrected any policy or practice issues that the student raised. Only assignments from the adult field of nursing were considered within the scope of this study. The authors recommend further empirical investigation into this area. Practical implications – This paper offers knowledge that can be applied in practice within both academic and health care provider services that deliver and facilitate nursing education. It has generated an audit tool that can be utilised to evaluate the knowledge of pre-registration students and has resulted in the implementation of safeguarding adults policies within an academic institution. Originality/value – Safeguarding adults concerns may be identified through studying pre-registration student assignments and promptly acting upon any concerns raised. Aspects of good practice can be acknowledged within health care provider services.

Unemployment of people of foreign origin in France: The role of discrimination

This article has two primary objectives: (1) to understand the relationship between the origins of the children of immigrants and the likelihood of unemployment; and (2) to examine the possible role of discrimination in the likelihood of unemployment. The French Permanent Demographic Sample (EDP, a longitudinal database maintained by INSEE, which is the French equivalent of the English Longitudinal Survey) permits the study young foreign-born people who grew up in France and young people of foreign-origin who were born in France. The EDP is a census-based panel survey that, on average, comprises a 1 per cent sample of all immigrant groups. It contains information on a person’s nationality relative to his/her labour market position. According to most academics, it also contains valuable socio-demographic and socio-economic information on parents and their sons and daughters. The data registry was created in 1967 and includes data from the 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990, and 1999 censuses. The interest in individual trajectories requires us to consider the relations between personal labour market situations and the acquisition of French nationality. This relation must be analyzed in light of the population which consists of those children who, since childhood, have been in a position to acquire French citizenship. Although gaining citizenship is usually regarded as an important sign of civic and political assimilation among immigrants, it can also be seen as a factor in their economic assimilation. French nationality makes it easier for young immigrants to get jobs. It is better to be a young Algerian or Moroccan with French nationality than to be a young Algerian or Moroccan who does not have French nationality.

Secondary School Students’ Attitudes towards Bilingual Learning in Schools

Bilingual education is a topic of increasing interest in the Australian educational context. It is also a subject surrounded by both controversy and confusion. The investigation upon which this discussion is based probed perceptions of bilingual education by its potential clientele. Our contention is that the degree to which students are receptive to the concept of bilingual learning has been neglected so far, although it is crucial to the implementation of any form of bilingual education. A 10 per cent sample of Year 7, 9, and 11 students was drawn from a representative sample of 38 Melbourne metropolitan post-primary schools and surveyed using Attitude to Bilingual Education scales. The following hypotheses were supported by the findings: ‘Bilinguals have positive attitudes’, ‘Bilinguals have more positive attitudes than do monolinguals’, and ‘Bilinguals perceive their peers’ attitudes as negative’. The hypothesis, The attitudes of different bilingual groups differ’, received some support but requires further investigation. Those hypotheses which did not receive support were ‘Bilinguals perceive their parents’ attitudes as very positive’, ‘Bilinguals perceive their teachers’ attitudes as negative’, ‘Bilinguals see merit in bilingual education only for themselves to the exclusion of their monolingual peers’, and ‘Monolinguals see merit in bilingual education only for bilinguals to the exclusion of themselves’.

Spatial Context of Residential Moves by Elderly Persons

This is a descriptive analysis of the spatial context of residential moves by the over age forty-five population in the United States. It utilizes residential mobility and state of birth statistics calculated from a 15 per cent sample of the United States population drawn for the U. S. Census. It specifically focuses on the likelihood that the age sixty-five and over white and black mover will relocate within his same county or state of residence. The paper reveals that the preponderance of residential moves by the elderly (whether black or white) are within the same county. Only a relatively small percentage make interstate moves. The majority of elderly live in the state of their birth. However, there is no evidence that as a consequence of aging moves become more spatially restricted until after age seventy-five. It is argued that greater emphasis be placed on not why elderly persons move, but why when they do, their residential relocations occur within varying spatial contexts.

Determination of Sulfur by Wet Combustion with Perchloric Acid

Difficulties in the determination of sulfur in wood and pulp samples by the conventional method of Grote and Krekeler have been overcome by applying a wet combustion technique, using perchloric and nitric acids. The sulfur is reduced to hydrogen sulfide by boiling with a reduction mixture, and determined iodometrically. The method gives quantitative yields for pure organic compounds, and is suitable for a great variety of samples with sulfur contents from 0.01 to 100 per cent. Sample weights can be varied from 9 mg. to 5 grams.