Energy–Water–CO2 Synergetic Optimization Based on a Mixed-Integer Linear Resource Planning Model Concerning the Demand Side Management in Beijing’s Power Structure Transformation

Studies on the energy–water–CO2 synergetic relationship is an effective way to help achieve the peak CO2 emission target and carbon neutral goal in global countries. One of the most valid way is to adjust through the electric power structure transformation. In this study, a mixed-integer linear resource planning model is proposed to investigate the energy–water–CO2 synergetic optimization relationship, concerning the uncertainties in the fuel price and power demand prediction process. Coupled with multiple CO2 emissions and water policy scenarios, Beijing, the capital city of China, is chosen as a case study. Results indicate that the demand-side management (DSM) level and the stricter environmental constraints can effectively push Beijing’s power supply system in a much cleaner direction. The energy–water–CO2 relationship will reach a better balance under stricter environmental constraints and higher DSM level. However, the achievement of the energy–water–CO2 synergetic optimization will be at an expense of high system cost. Decision makers should adjust their strategies flexibly based on the practical planning situations.

Research on the Model of Integrated Resource Planning Based on Externality Costs of Renewable Energy

Renewable energy generation technologies have lower externality costs but higher private costs than fossil fuel-based generation. As a result, the choice of renewable in the future generation mix could be affected by the industrys future market-oriented structure because market objectives based on private value judgments may conflict with social policy objectives toward better environmental quality. A multi-period linear programming-based model (Resource Planning Model) is used to characterize todays electricity supply market in China. This paper incorporated the externality costs and outage costs with the long-term resource planning model in an open market. Also, the model has the objectives of maximizing the total social value. Meanwhile, the discount rate is used in the model to capture the dynamic change of different costs. A set of integrated models have been developed with some limitation, such as generation limitation, capacity limitation, annual electricity limitation, demand and demand state limitation. At last, applying the model for the resource planning of Yunnan Province in planning period shows that the decrease of the share of fossil fuel generation and the increase of the renewable energy generation which evaluates the reliability and validity of the model.