Studies of microclimatic conditions in summer moong as influenced by different mulches

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 1990 at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the microclimatic conditions in moong with the use of mulches. Latent heat enelgY and sensible heat energy were the main components of net energy. Among the various treatments, the latent heat energy use was found higher in black polythene sheet mulch. Soil temperature values were low in straw and white polythene mulch than black polythene mulch treatment

Aufbereitung meteorologischer Daten zur Unterstützung einer globalen agrarmeteorologischen Beratung

<p>Im Rahmen einer agrarmeteorologischen Beratung ist die Berechnung der Verdunstung für spezifische Agrarkulturen mit geeigneten Modellen möglichst auf einer stündlichen Zeitskala erforderlich. Im DWD ist hierzu das Modell AMBAV (Agrarmeteorologisches Modell zur Berechnung der aktuellen Verdunstung) entwickelt worden und wird für die nationale agrarmeteorologische Beratung operationell mit Vorhersagedaten und für Wirkanalysen auch mit Klimadaten verwendet. Insbesondere hinsichtlich globaler Anwendungen liegen gemessene oder mit Klimamodellen berechnete meteorologische Datenzeitreihen häufig nur für eine tägliche Zeitskala, oder als Modelldaten für ausgewählte Elemente bestenfalls in einer 6-stündigen Zeitskala, vor. Dies sind Tagesmittel oder Tagessummen (z.B. Wind bzw. Globalstrahlung und Niederschlag) sowie gegebenenfalls tägliche Extremwerte (Minimum und Maximum der Lufttemperatur, stärkste Tagesböe).</p> <p>Zur Bereitstellung stündlicher Daten aus Tagesdaten wurde daher ein Präprozessor entwickelt, der gemessene Stationsdaten (Modus „Station“) oder modellierte Daten globaler Modelle (Modus „Gitter“) verwendet. Dabei wurde vorausgesetzt, dass im Vorfeld einer Erarbeitung von zeitlichen Disaggregierungsverfahren keine umfangreichen Klimaanalysen durchgeführt werden müssen sondern weitestgehend auf Erfahrung zurückgegriffen werden kann. Vorhandene Programme (z.B. MELODIST) konnten jedoch wegen teilweise anderer Zielstellung oder Datenanforderungen nicht ohne weiteres verwendet werden. So wurde z.B. für die Tagessumme der Globalstrahlung auf das Angström-Verfahren (FAO, 1998), für den Niederschlag auf das Kaskadenverfahren nach Olsson (1998), für die Lufttemperatur auf den „sin-exp-Ansatz“ nach Parton und Logan (1981) und für den Wind auf die „normierte Böen­geschwindigkeit“ (Verkaik, 2000) zurückgegriffen. Für erforderliche Interpolationen werden das Newton-Verfahren und das „cubic hermite spline“ verwendet.</p> <p>Die vorgestellten Verfahren werden mit Stationsdaten des ZAMF und beispielhaft mit Modelldaten des GFCS für Madagaskar angewendet.</p> <p><strong>Literatur</strong></p> <p>FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1998: Crop evaporation – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, 300 p.</p> <p>Olsson, J., 1998: Evaluation of a scaling cascade model for temporal rainfall disaggregation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2, p.19-30.</p> <p>Parton, W.J. and J.A. Logan, 1981: A model for diurnal variation in soil and air temperature. Agricultural Meteorology, 23, p.205-216.</p> <p>Verkaik, J.W., 2000: Evaluation of two gustiness models for exposure correction calculations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 39, p.1613-1626.</p>

Sudden changes in crop environment, as influenced by total solar eclipse

The Division of Agricultural Meteorology, at Pune of IMD conducted an experiment at Principal Evapotranspiration Observatory, Canning, W.B., during October, 1995 to study the sudden changes in crop environment. The present study revealed that both the crop canopy temperature and observatory temperature at different heights recorded sharp fall of around 2.0°C at 0900 hr (IST) on the eclipse day. The relative humidity (% ) increased sharply at 0900 hr (IST) on the eclipse day within crop canopy as well as within observatory. The soil temperature dropped suddenly at 10 and 20 cm depths of the subsoil and delayed reversal of the soil temperature gradient occurred on the eclipse day; the grass minimum temperature was 21.2°C. Bright sunshine hours reduced by 0.8 on 'the eclipse day as compared to the preceding and succeeding days. The wind during the eclipse period was almost calm between 0900 -0930 hr (IST). The daily total ET recorded on the eclipse day was the minimum. The rate of evapotranspiration was less than half as compared to the other days, as recorded at 0830 hr (IST) (0.2 mm) on the eclipse day, which was closely followed by that observed at 1130 hr (IST) (0.3 mm).

Agrometeorological Indices, Crop Phenology and Yield of Pigeon pea as Influenced by Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) based Intercropping System

A field investigation was conducted at experimental farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, located at college of Agriculture, V.N.M.K.V, Parbhani during kharif season of 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replication, under this study there were nine treatments viz. T1 (Pigeon pea + Sorghum), T2 (Pigeon pea + Maize), T3 (Pigeon pea + Soybean), T4 (Pigeon pea + Sesamum), T5 (Pigeon pea), T6 (Sorghum), T7 (Maize), T8 (Soybean), T9 (Sesamum). In pigeon pea the highest total agrometeorological indices (GDD, HTU and PTU) accumulated by intercropped treatment T1 as compared to sole, by sorghum, maize and sesamum was highest in intercropped treatment i.e. (T1), (T2) and (T4) than in sole whereas, the accumulated agrometeorological indices by soybean was highest in sole treatment i.e. (T8) than intercropped (T3). Significantly higher Pigeon pea equivalent yield was attained with treatment T3 followed by T4, lowest recorded in T1 intercropping system. The highest stalk / stover yield was attained by T2 as compared to sole whereas, lowest was recorded in T8. Treatment T3 performed better than other and this treatment was better in terms of growth and yield attributing characters.

Effect of sowing date, irrigation and mulch on thermal time requirement and heat use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.)

The field experiments was carried out for three years (2015 to 2017) at the Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana with maize variety PMH-1 sown on three dates (D1-Third week of May, D2-Second week of June and D3- First week of July) under two irrigation regimes (I1 = IW:CPE 1.0 and I2 IW:CPE 0.75) and mulch application (M1: straw mulch @ 5 tha-1 and M2: without mulch) in a split plot design.Results revealed that the early sown crop(third week of May) took higher number of days and heat units to attain various phenophases. Maize variety PMH-1 consumed maximum heat units of 1952oC days for maturity under early sown condition. The heat use efficiency was highest (3.04 kg ha-1oCday-1)for the crop sown during June. Among irrigation regimes, the HUE was higher (2.89 kg ha-1oC day-1) in IW: CPE = 0.75 level of irrigation ascompared to IW: CPE = 1.00 (2.81 kg ha-1oCday-1) and higher HUE was obtained with mulch application (M1) (2.92 kg ha-1oCday-1) as compared to without mulch (M2) (2.76 kg ha-1oCday-1). The sowing of maize crop during second week of June with irrigation of IW: CPE 0.75 under mulch application have been found to be the most efficient for heat utilisation.

Sensitivity Analysis of CERES-Wheat Model under Hisar Conditions

The field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Dept of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar (Lat.: 290 10’ N, Log.: 75036’ E & 215.2 m above msl), Haryana, India during the rabi season of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Experimental designed laid out with strip plot, as main plot treatment: four growing environments i.e. D1: 5th Nov., D2: 20th Nov., D3: 5th Dec. and D4: 20th Dec. and sub-plot treatment: four irrigation regimes, it applied at different phenophases (I1-CRI, I2- CRI and heading, I3- CRI+ jointing and milking, I4- CRI+ jointing + anthesis and dough stage). Crop growth and yield data of 2014-15 were used for calibration of DSSAT model and cultivar coefficients for WH1105 based on the observed crop characteristics. Genetic coefficient parameters are in the ranges obtained by the few other studies conducted on wheat with the exception of parameters G1, G2, and G3, related to grain growth. Sensitivity of simulated grain yield to down scaled sunshine hours, solar radiation -0.5 to -2.5 hours and -1°C to -5 MJ-2 day-1 showed a gradual decrease in grain yield, respectively.

Agricultural Meteorology/Climatology

Agricultural meteorology (also referred to as agrometeorology) is the study of the effects of weather on agriculture, while agricultural climatology (alternatively, agroclimatology) is concerned with the effects of climate on agriculture. These fields of study share many of the same goals, philosophies, approaches, and methods. As a consequence, disciplinary boundaries are indistinct, and the terms “agricultural meteorology” and “agrometeorology” are increasingly used interchangeably with “agricultural climatology” and “agroclimatology.” Agricultural meteorology/climatology is oftentimes considered a bridge between the physical and biological sciences, although this interdisciplinarity increasingly includes the social sciences. While most research has focused on the production of food staples (e.g., maize, rice, and wheat), agricultural meteorologists and climatologists also address the influence of weather and climate on specialty crops, animal husbandry, commercial forestry, and aquaculture. Management of agricultural pests and diseases is another major focus. Atmospheric and biophysical processes operating at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales—from seconds to centuries and from an individual leaf to a global agricultural system—are explored. Agricultural meteorologists and climatologists promote the sustainable management of agricultural resources and strive to improve the livelihoods of agricultural stakeholders. Both basic and applied research are conducted to further these goals, and agricultural meteorologists and climatologists are often involved in the development, delivery, and evaluation of agricultural services. These services range from decision support tools for daily agricultural operations to services focused on seasonal or longer-term planning. Observations of the atmosphere-plant-soil environment are central to research and applications in agricultural meteorology/climatology, as are empirical and process-based models. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, and potential adaptation strategies are widely investigated. Mitigation is also a concern as many agriculture activities emit greenhouse gases or contribute to land cover change. As other entries in Oxford Bibliographies address the theoretical aspects of atmosphere-plant-soil interactions (see “Land-Atmosphere Interactions” by Geoffrey M. Henebry, Nathan J. Moore, and Jiquan Chen), this entry primarily focuses on the applications-based literature in agricultural meteorology/climatology. The intent is to draw on both classic and recent literature to illustrate the nature of the research questions and applications of concern to agricultural meteorologists and climatologists, the approaches they use to address these questions and concerns, and the types of agricultural services they provide.