Combined Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition and Etching for the Patterning of Dense Lines without Interconnecting Material

High resolution dense lines patterned by focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) have been demonstrated to be promising for lithography. One of the challenges is the presence of interconnecting material, which is often carbonaceous, between the lines as a result of the Gaussian line profile. We demonstrate the use of focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE) as a scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based direct-write technique for the removal of this interconnecting material, which can be implemented without removing the sample from the SEM for post processing. Secondary electron (SE) imaging has been used to monitor the FEBIE process, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements confirm the fabrication of well separated FEBID lines. We further demonstrate the application of this technique for removing interconnecting material in high resolution dense lines using backscattered electron (BSE) imaging to monitor the process.

Revisiting the long term X-ray spectral evolution of Seyfert 1 galaxies

Characterizing the long-term variability of AGNs is a key legacy of RXTE. We carry out a spectral analysis on a sample of 20 Seyfert 1 galaxies, which had been observed by the RXTE for at least 100 times. All 18,335 spectra are fitted in a uniform way using a power-law component plus an additional Gaussian line when necessary. For any source in our sample, we confirm that the spectrum softens or the photon index, Γ, increases with increasing the 2–10 keV luminosity, LX. However, different source holds distinct Γ − LX/LEdd relation, rather than a common one. We also fit the correlation with a function of Γ = C + β × log (flux), where C is a constant and parameter β is the slope of the correlation. In this way, the increase speed of the Γ − LX/LEdd relation can be depicted with the parameter β. Since our sample contains a large sample of long-term monitored sources, it allows us to explore the second order effect of spectral evolution. We find that there is an anti-correlation between β and the X-ray Eddington ratio, LX/LEdd. That is, the increasing tendency of Γ with increasing X-ray luminosity becomes slower when the source has a larger X-ray Eddington ratio. Our results may indicate changes in the geometry and/or the viscosity parameter of the accretion disc at different Eddington ratios.

New Calorimeter Techniques

This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.

SIMULASI MODEL DISPERSI POLUTAN KARBON MONOKSIDA DI JALAN LAYANG ( Studi Kasus Line Source Di Jalan Layang Waru, Sidoarjo)

Abstrak Polusi udara adalah masalah yang sangat penting karena berkaitan dengan penyakit akibat emisi kendaraan bermotor, yang mengandung SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, dan gas – gas lainnya. Simulasi model dispersi udara adalah salah satu cara/metode untuk mempelajari kualitas udara yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam hal ini. Pada penelitian ini dibahas tentang model matematika dari dispersi emisi gas CO dari kendaraan bermotor roda empat yang melewati jalan layang Waru, Sidoarjo. Persamaan Gauss untuk line source disusun berdasarkan mekanisme transpor polutan secara dispersi, difusi dan adveksi. Dari persamaan tersebut dapat dihitung nilai konsentrasi gas CO untuk ketinggian tertentu secara downwind. Validasi model dilakukan dengan membandingkan konsentrasi gas CO hasil perhitungan model dengan hasil pengukuran konsentrasi gas CO di lapangan. Dengan menggunakan uji R2 diperoleh nilai R2 yang mendekati satu. Karena itu model Gaussian line source digunakan sebagai model dispersi polutan CO. Model ini selanjutnya diselesaikan dan disimulasikan dengan komputer menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Fortran dan divisualisasikan menggunakan perangkat lunak Surfer. Hasil pemodelan menunjukkan bahwa model Gaussian line source dapat digunakan untuk memodelkan pola dispersi gas CO di ketinggian tertentu secara downwind di jalan layang Waru, Sidoarjo. Hasil visualisasi bulan Juni menunjukkan bahwa pola dispersi gas CO dipengaruhi oleh arah dan kecepatan angin. Konsentrasi CO pada malam hari lebih tinggi daripada pada siang hari. Dari pola dispersi CO, diusulkan agar di sekitar jalan layang terdapat ruang udara terbuka yang cukup agar bahaya yang ditimbulkan dari polutan CO yang teremisi dari sumber emisinya dapat diminimalkan. Kata Kunci : model line source, layang Waru, CO Abstract Air pollutant is the most important problem because it conducted the illness about vehicle emissions that contained SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, and other gases. The simulation of air dispersion was one model that needed to learn about air quality. In this research, we are interested at fly over Waru, Sidoarjo. The Gaussian equation for line source model was contructed with pollutant transport mechanism by dispersion, diffusion, and advection. We can get the concentration of the CO at the specific height by downwind. The model validation by compared the result of using formula and investigation at various times. By using R2test, we got it value was closed to one. The model are finished and simulated by using Fortran language programme and visualized bu using Surfer. The result of model described that the Gaussian line source model can be used to modeled the dispersion of CO at the specific height by downwind at the fly over Waru, Sidoarjo. The visualization at April showed that the dispersion of CO influenced by direction and speed of the wind. The concentration of CO at night was greater than at mid-day. We suggest that there were enough space around the fly over, suppose to minimize the effect of the pollution. Keywords: content, formatting, article.