Analysis the effect of economic conditions on the vegetative change in Baghdad using GIS and remote sensing techniques

The study of vegetative change of cities is one of the most important studies related to human life because of its direct correlation with the temporal conditions that occur. These include the economic problems that force people to move and look for job opportunities in the city, which leads to an increase in the population density of cities, especially for cities with an important economic and administrative location as in the capital city of Baghdad. In this study, the effect of the increasing in population density was analyzed on the urban planning of Baghdad city. The decreasing in vegetation was due to the increasing of urban areas on the outskirts of the city, which led to an increase in its area. Moreover, urban cities increased the amount of randomization; this problem has not good consequences on the environmental and health level and attached services.This study was carried out by finding the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the study area through the using of two satellite image from the Landsat7 satellite for two different dates (2002 and 20017) after being uploaded from the US Geological Survey site. The third and fourth bands were used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) by using Arc-GIS Techniques.

A mid-Holocene record of vegetative change in central Alberta

Sediments from three lakes in central Alberta, Smallboy Lake (53°35′N, 114°8′W), E.I. Pond (53°38′N, 112°51′W), and Hastings Lake (53°25′N, 112°53′W), have been analyzed for their pollen content, charcoal remains, and (in two lakes) pyrite spherule concentration. The earliest record (radiometrically dated at 7400 years BP) indicates the existence of mixed-wood parkland vegetation. By 5000 years BP the regional vegetation had a considerably more open structure than now and was subject to frequent fires, presumably a response to the warm, dry Hypsithermal climate of this time. The termination of the Hypsithermal Interval (4000 years bp) is recorded in all three lakes by a marked increase in precipitation. The onset of a cooler, moister climatic regime stimulated forest closure and reduced regional fire activity, although the local vegetation of each of the three study sites responded in a unique way to the changing climate. By 3000 years BP the vegetation resembled the modern vegetation. Little change is recorded in the sediments from 3000 years BP to the present.