Scaled Modeling and Measurement for Studying Radio Wave Propagation in Tunnels

The subject of radio wave propagation in tunnels has gathered attention in recent years, mainly regarding the fading phenomena caused by internal reflections. Several methods have been suggested to describe the propagation inside a tunnel. This work is based on the ray tracing approach, which is useful for structures where the dimensions are orders of magnitude larger than the transmission wavelength. Using image theory, we utilized a multi-ray model to reveal non-dimensional parameters, enabling measurements in down-scaled experiments. We present the results of field experiments in a small concrete pedestrian tunnel with smooth walls for radio frequencies (RF) of 1, 2.4, and 10 GHz, as well as in a down-scaled model, for which millimeter waves (MMWs) were used, to demonstrate the roles of the frequency, polarization, tunnel dimensions, and dielectric properties on the wave propagation. The ray tracing method correlated well with the experimental results measured in the tunnel as well as in a scale model.

A Review and Comprehensive Study of Wireless Channel in Mobile Communication System: Fading Phenomena and Estimation

In wireless communication systems, the channel estimation problem has been played an essential challenge to accurately retrieve the channel state information (CSI) such that reliable communication & wide coverage can be provided. Due to the improvement and rapid growth of communication systems and in order to maintain a reliable data transmission, estimation of CSI has become necessary. This in turn results, precise receiver demodulation, accurate decoding, and equalization processes. This paper gives a survey on a fading phenomena and a comprehensive review of the recent works that have already been done and studied related to the problem of estimating channel parameters in wireless communication systems. Varieties of best channel estimation techniques that have been recently evolved are explored. Comparison between them in terms of computational cost, simplicity and appropriateness conditions is also discussed. This paper also provides a basic introduction of wireless channel model, SIMO and MIMO channel.

SIGNAL FADING IN LAND-SATELLITE COMMUNICATION LINKS

The work considers effects of fading phenomena on signal data transmitted through the land-satellite communication links, accounting mostly for LEO satellite, as most complicated configuration of the satellite links. Based on the selec­ted, among other statistical and physical, model of fading effects prediction the pro­bability of fading phenomena in land-satellite communication links is analyzed for three cities in Israel, small, medium and large, and is compared with the results obtained by other authors above the Copenhagen, Stockholm and in England.

OSL PROPERTIES IN VARIOUS FORMS OF KCl AND NaCl SAMPLES AFTER EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION

The aim of this work was to investigate the optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties of potassium chloride (KCl) and its potential use in radiation dosimetry. The optimal condition for OSL readout with blue light stimulation were designated using a commercially available Risø TL/OSL reader. KCl was studied in three sample forms: crystals, powder and pellets. The following OSL characteristics were determined: signal reproducibility, OSL measurement-induced sensitivity changes, temperature dependence of OSL and signal stability over time. The results show a high reproducibility of KCl samples and strong sensitivity changes, which can be corrected for by using a test-dose. The long-term OSL studies confirmed the occurrence of both inverse fading and fading phenomena in KCl. In addition, a comparison with corresponding measurements using sodium chloride (NaCl) were carried out. Although it was confirmed that NaCl is more suitable for dosimetry, there might be benefits of combining NaCl with KCl for more accurate absorbed dose determinations.

Palaeodose Underestimation Of Heated Quartz In Red-TL Dating Of Volcanic Contexts

Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a valuable tool for chronometric dating of heated minerals and has been shown to agree very well with independent age control. Comparison with argon dating of samples from identical events, however, revealed age underestimations of volcanic eruptions dated by orange-red TL (R-TL) of quartz extracts from some xenolith samples, while good agreement was obtained for others. The underestimation is attributed to an apparent signal loss (“anomalous fading”) which was experimentally observed for some, but not all samples investigated. The presence of significant amounts of feldspar or tridymite, which could be related to the observations, is excluded by IRSL (Infrared Stimulated Luminescence) and XRD analysis. While the data is not entirely conclusive, it leads to the current working hypothesis that exposure to high temperatures might be responsible for an effect similar to the anomalous fading phenomena observed for some feldspar luminescence. It therefore appears to be prudent not to sample xenoliths from high temperature context, like basalt dykes in volcanic context.