Association Study of Polymorphic Varients of Beta (B) Casein Gene with Milk Production Traits (Lactose, Snf and Density) in Malvi, Nimari, Sahiwal and H.F. Cross Breeds Cow

Background: The most frequently observed forms of beta casein (β-Cn) in dairy cattle are A1 and A2. A2 β-Cn is recognized as the original β-Cn protein because it existed before a mutation caused the appearance of A1 β-Cn in European cattle (Bos taurus) a few thousand years ago. In cattle, beta-casein (CSN2) gene is highly polymorphic with at least 13 genetic variants known until now.Methods: Research work was carried out on 50 Malvi and 50 Nimari, 50 Sahiwal and 50 H F Cross bred cow. In present research work the PCR amplicons of 121bp were digested by restriction endonuclease enzyme DdeI, which recognizes G^AATTC sites. Present association study of polymorphic variants’ showed that the presence of no restriction sites for the enzyme DdeI in both Malvi and Nimari. So one band of 121bp was observed on the gel and such genotype was designated as A2A2 type. Whereas in Sahiwal and H F Crossbred showed two type of genotypes A1A2 and A2A2.Result: The result of RFLP revealed that the gene and genotypic frequencies of β-casein (CSN2) gene for A2A2 was 1.00 for both Malvi and Nimari breed of cattle but 0.00, 0.30 and 0.70 in Sahiwal and 0.00, 0.64 and 0.36 in HF crossbred cattle, respectively. Association study showed that the lactose per cent was significantly higher in Nimari as compared to Malvi and Sahiwal. Among all the four breeds of cattle, significantly lower SNF (%) and density was noticed in Malvi breed of cattle for A2A2 genotype compared to remaining three breeds.

Baloxavir Marboxil: A New Antiviral for Acute Influenza

Baloxavir is a newly approved, single-dose, oral influenza antiviral indicated for acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 12 years and older if symptomatic for less than 48 hours. The purpose of this article is to review currently available literature on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical and virologic efficacy of baloxavir. Its novel mechanism of action prevents influenza replication by targeting the viral cap-dependent endonuclease enzyme. In clinical trials baloxavir was shown to be superior to placebo and comparable to oseltamivir with regard to time to alleviation of symptoms and viral titer reduction and was well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Baloxavir is a viable treatment option for acute uncomplicated influenza in certain age groups.

Polymorphism of Beta (â) Casein Gene and Their Association with Milk Production Traits in Malvi and Nimari Breeds of Cattle

Research work was carried out on 50 Malvi and 50 Nimari breed of cattle in the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding of College of Veterinary Science and A.H Jabalpur. In present research work the PCR amplified products of 121bp was digested by restriction endonuclease enzyme DdeI, which recognizes G^AATTC sites. Present study showed that the presence of no restriction sites for the enzyme DdeI and only one band of 121bp was observed on the gel and such genotype was designated as A2A2 type. The â- casein gene showed A2A2 genotypes were observed in Malvi and Nimari breeds of cattle. The result of RFLP revealed that the gene and genotypic frequencies of â-casein (CSN2) gene for A2A2 was 1.00 for both Malvi and Nimari breed of cattle. So 100% frequency of A2 allele was observed in both the breeds of cattle under the study.

Size and Flexibility Define the Inhibition of the H3N2 Influenza Endonuclease Enzyme by Calix[n]arenes

Inhibition of H3N2 influenza PA endonuclease activity by a panel of anionic calix[n]arenes and β-cyclodextrin sulfate has been studied. The joint experimental and theoretical results reveal that the larger, more flexible and highly water-soluble sulfonato-calix[n]arenes have high inhibitory activity, with para-sulfonato-calix[8]arene, SC8, having an IC50 value of 6.4 μM. Molecular docking calculations show the SC8 can interact at both the polyanion binding site and also the catalytic site of H3N2 influenza PA endonuclease.

In vivo genome editing rescues photoreceptor degeneration via a Cas9/RecA-mediated homology-directed repair pathway

Although Cas9-mediated genome editing has been widely used to engineer alleles in animal models of human inherited diseases, very few homology-directed repair (HDR)–based genetic editing systems have been established in postnatal mouse models for effective and lasting phenotypic rescue. Here, we developed an HDR-based Cas9/RecA system to precisely correct Pde6b mutation with increased HDR efficiency in postnatal rodless (rd1) mice, a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mutant model characterized by photoreceptor degeneration and loss of vision. The Cas9/RecA system incorporated Cas9 endonuclease enzyme to generate double-strand breaks (DSBs) and bacterial recombinase A (RecA) to increase homologous recombination. Our data revealed that Cas9/RecA treatment significantly promoted the survival of both rod and cone photoreceptors, restored the expression of PDE6B in rod photoreceptors, and enhanced the visual functions of rd1 mice. Thus, this study provides a precise therapeutic strategy for RP and other genetic diseases.

Polymorphism of beta (â) casein gene and their association with milk production traits in Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle

Present research work was carried out on 50 Sahiwal and 50 HF Crossbred cattle in the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding of College of Veterinary Science and A H Jabalpur. During the research work the PCR amplified products of 121bp was digested by restriction endonuclease enzyme DdeI, which recognizes G^AATTC sites. The patterns evolved in the present study showed that the presence of one restriction site on one alleles and absence of restriction site on other alleles resulted in the appearance of three bands of 121, 86 and 35bp.This genotype was referred to as A1A2. When both strand had no restriction sites for the enzyme, only one band of 121bp was observed on the gel such genotype was designated as A2A2 type. The â- casein gene showed A2A2 and A1A2 genotypes were observed in Sahiwal and HF crossbred cattle. The genotypic frequencies of â-casein (CSN2)/ DdeI gene for A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 are 0.00, 0.30, and 0.70 in Sahiwal and 0.00, 0.64 and 0.36 in HF crossbred cattle, respectively and the gene frequency A1 and A2 is 0.15 and 0.85 in Sahiwal and 0.32 and 0.68 in HF crossbred cattle. High frequency of A2 allele was observed in both the breeds of cattle under the study.

Detection of Staphylococcus aureus’s Strain Similarity on Surgical Ward Nurses’s Hand and Nose and Post Operative Wound Infection Using Coa Gene Through PCR-RFLP Method

Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) remains to be the most important cause of post operative wound infection. Nursescould become reservoirs to transmit S.aureus through contaminated hands transiently, or through colonized nose.Strain polymorphism could be determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), using coa gene andrestriction endonuclease enzyme Alu1. There were 30 isolates of S.aureus’s infection, and 20 isolates taken from handsand nose of the nurses in charge. From 50 isolate positive S.aureus, PCR results showed single and multiple bandswithin 300 to 900 base pairs (bp) in length, and multiple bands within 200 to 600 bp. Five out of 30 patients (17%)showed no PCR-RFLP similarity with any of the nurses. Ten out of 15 nurses which hands were positive for S.aureus,has PCR-RFLP similarity with some patients. There was only 1 out of 5 nurses which nose was positive for S.aureus,showed PCR-RFLP similarity with some patients. Statistically, the proportion of the similar PCR-RFLP between thosesamples in this study is 0.12 (12%). Conclusion: Nurses had 12 % PCR-RFLP similarity for S.aureus with post operativewound infection.

Genetic Screening of Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase in Holstein Freisian Crossbred Cattle

Fifty Holstein Friesian (H.F) crossbredcattle were screened for Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase (DUMPS) using PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from jugular veins in 2 ml capacity vaccutainers containing 2 mg/ml (K2 EDTA). DNA was isolated from the blood samples by using whole blood extraction kit. PCR was performed for amplification of polymorphic region of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase (UMPS) gene (108 bp) on bovine chromosome 1. The PCR products of 108 bp were digested with AvaI endonuclease enzyme. The normal allele in unaffected cattle produced three fragments of 53 bp, 36 bp and 19 bp. No animal was found carrier for UMPS gene. The genotype frequency of normal individuals and the gene frequency of normal allele were found to be one.