A Resonant Coupler for Subcutaneous Implant

A resonator coupler for subcutaneous implants has been developed with a new impedance matching pattern added to the conventional loop antenna. The tuning element of a concentric metal pad contributes distributed capacitance and inductance to the planar inductive loop and improves resonance significantly. It provides a better qualify factor for resonant coupling and a much lower reflection coefficient for the implant electronics. Practical constraints are taken into account for designs including the requirement of operation within a regulated frequency band and the limited thickness for a monolithic implant. In this work, two designs targeting to operate in the two industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands at 903 MHz and 2.45 GHz are considered. The tuning metal pad improves their resonances significantly, compared to the conventional loop designs. Since it is difficult to tune the implant antenna after implantation, the effects of tissue depth variations due to the individual’s surgery and the appropriate implant depths are investigated. Simulations conducted with the dielectric properties of human skin documented in the literature are compared to measurements done with hydrated ground pork as phantoms. Experiments and simulations are conducted to explain the discrepancies in frequency shifts due to the uses of pork phantoms. The design method is thus validated for uses on human skin. A noninvasive localization method to identify the implant under the skin has been examined and demonstrated by both simulations and measurements. It can efficiently locate the subcutaneous implant based on the high quality-factor resonance owing to the tuning elements in both implant and transmitter couplers. The planar resonant coupler for wireless power transfer shows good performance and promise in subcutaneous applications for implants.

Risk Factors and Treatment of Postpartum Anestrus in Cattle: The Case of Zebu

This literature review reports on risk factors for postpartum anoestrus in zebus and their potential treatments. Prolonged postpartum anestrus is one of the major factors limiting reproductive efficiency in cattle, particularly in Bos indicus cows in tropical regions, as it prevents a calving interval of 365 days from being achieved. During anestrus, ovulation does not occur despite ovarian follicular development, as the growing follicles do not reach maturity. This period is very variable and depends on various factors whose importance is relative or, on the contrary, essential. Some are specific to the animal (breastfeeding or food); others relate more to its social environment, season sanitary conditions. Several hormonal treatments have been used to induce ovulation and cyclicity in postpartum cows. Generally speaking, given the inconsistency of the effects or even their lack of practicability, treatments using a single or repeated injection of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been gradually abandoned in favour of progestagens. These are administered for 8 to 12 days on a continuous basis in the form of a subcutaneous implant (Crestar®), a vaginal coil (PRID®) or a CIDR. A prostaglandin injection is given two days before the implant is removed. The addition of an ECG treatment at the time of device removal, which increased plasma progesterone concentrations and pregnancy rates in anestrous postpartum suckled Bos indicus cows, may be useful to improve reproductive performance. This improvement requires a better understanding of the effect of different risk factors on the recovery of postpartum cyclicity.

The Prevalence and Side Effect of Nexplanon in Baghdad

BACKGROUND Nexplanon is a pregnancy-prevention device that is both safe and reliable. It is a novel reversible long-term contraceptive technique. It's a modern long-acting contraceptive device with a subcutaneous implant that releases etonogestrel (ENG). The main objective of this research was to determine the distribution, tolerability, and adverse reactions of Nexplanon among females who used it in Baghdad and find any relationship between these side effects and the acceptability of the device among contraceptive users. METHODS This study was done via the participation of 80 women who were using Nexplanon at the time of study or had recently removed the implant; the data was obtained from a direct interview and medical records. RESULTS The total number of women enrolled for the study was 80. The mean age of contributors was 33.24 (± 2.69) years. None of the participants was nulliparous; 15 % had two children, 85 % had three or more children. Of the participants, 26.25 % and 65 % had secondary and higher education degrees respectively, while only 7 % had primary education and none of the participants had any education. 6.25 % were smokers, only 28.75 % had irregular cycle and the remaining percentage had a regular one. 57 (71.25 %) of them underwent adverse events while using the contraceptive implant, the most common one was bleeding disorders most likely in the form of light intermittent bleeding. 69 (86.25 %) from those only 18 (26.08 %) removed implant because of this irritant bleeding, the next common adverse event was headache 44 (55 %), 8 (18.18 %) of them removed the implant because of headache, 41 (51.25 %) underwent variable mood swing changes, 36 (45 %) suffered from weight gain with use of the implant, 33 (41.25 %) nausea and bowel habits changes, androgenic effects presented in 19 (23.75 %) and 10 (12.5 %) in the form of acne and hirsutism, respectively. 3 (10.34 %) of them removed the device as they could not cope with this complication, only 6 (7.5 %) suffered from low sexual desire. CONCLUSIONS Nexplanon can be a suitable alternative for women who have been adequately informed about long-term contraception but bleeding disturbances and cycle durations (> 8 days) are also key indicators for early removal. The process of consulting the patient and giving them the appropriate educational advice on this subject should be a priority before using the implant, in addition to establishing special induction and educational programs. KEY WORDS Nexplanon, Contraception Method Contraception Method, A Subcutaneous Implant and Etonogestrel.

Use of “Kayod” Preparation in Cows

The Altai territory is an agricultural region; it is a biogeochemical province deficient in iodine. We conducted a study of metabolic disorders in cows that had hypofunction of the thyroid gland. Our research is devoted to the expediency of a single use of the drug “Kayod” administered in the form of a subcutaneous implant in order to normalize the therapeutic status of animals suffering from a chronic lack of iodine in their diet. The purpose of this work is to justify not only the use of the preparation “Kayod” in animals kept in the biogeochemical provinces deficient in iodine, but also the use of tablets administered through a subcutaneous implant. We found a significant increase in the amount of hemoglobin and a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the blood of animals after the use of “Kayod”, and in the second experimental group, these indicators were slightly higher than in the first one. Indicators of the level of total protein and reserve alkalinity of blood were within the limits of physiological norms, but in the experimental groups they were slightly higher than in the control group. The level of total calcium and carotene in the blood of animals in the experimental groups, especially the second, significantly exceeded the level of the same substances in the blood of the animals in the control group. However, the level of inorganic phosphorus tended to decrease. The level of glucose in the blood of cows in the experimental group increased significantly more than in the blood of cows in the control group. This increase was particularly significant in the blood of animals in the second experimental group. When the preparation “Kayod” was used in the form of a subcutaneous implant, there were no clinical signs of hypothyroidism in the cows of the first experimental group after nine weeks. In the cows of the second experimental group, the condition of the cows returned to normal after six weeks. Keywords: Cows, iodine, hypothyroidism, implant, “Kayod

Morphological indicators of subcutaneous implantation of monofilament mesh

Hernias are a significant, non-infectious animal condition. In productive animals, failure to provide surgical treatment leads to premature rejection and potential loss of their productive longevity. In small pets, this becomes a social problem for pet owners related to the keeping and death of affected animals. The aim of this study was to study the histological parameters of tissues during implantation of monofilament mesh in cattle for periods up to four months. The study was conducted on eight bulls of the Black Motley breed, divided into two groups of four animals. In the first group, four bulls received a subcutaneous implant of hernioplasty mesh made of polypropylene monofilament (Herniamesh S.R.I. Via CiRie 22 / A, San Maruro Torinese, Torino, Italy) in the area of the lateral soft abdominal wall on the right and left sides. In the second group, four bulls received implants in the middle third of the neck to the right and left sides. Thus, the subject of research was 16 wounds with implanted mesh. A sterile piece monofilament mesh, 1x2 cm in size and folded in half along the longitudinal side, was inserted vertically into the formed hypodermic pocket on the right side of the wound, in which it was possible to freely place the specified mesh. During the course of the study, Polycon No. 4 thread with intermittent knotted seams was used, and three sutures were applied. To ensure fixation of the mesh, it was stitched centrally. The material for histological studies was taken by biopsy at one, two, three and four months after implantation. Tissue was embedded in paraffin blocks, and sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and picrofuchsin according to Van Gieson. The results indicated that after subcutaneous implantation of monofilament mesh in the neck and abdominal wall in cattle, wound healing occurs by primary intention. It was revealed that from the beginning of the histological study to one month, the monofilament mesh is first overgrown with loose connective tissue. By the end of the study, after four months, this is sequentially differentiated into dense connective tissue. No significant differences were observed between the abdominal wall and neck area as sites of implantation, and morphological processes in both sites proceeded in the same way. Thus, the conducted studies allow us to conclude that monofilament mesh is a suitable material for closing the hernial ring in cattle, where it is not possible to use their own tissues for these purposes.