Evolution of extensional faults between two rift systems: insights from sandbox experiments

<p>The interference between two offset propagating rift systems creates fractures, with a sigmoid shape in map view and previously referred to as accommodation zones (Mc Clay et al, 2002). This peculiar kinematics may be observed in the Southeastern Brazilian margin in the Santos Basin, developed between the tips of two propagating, offset rifts. In this region, northward propagating rift was aborted during the southward propagation of another rift further to the east leading eventually to the opening of this segment of the South Atlantic. Could this structural setting explain the geometry and the position of the fracture zones in this basin?</p><p>To answer this question, we explore a range of geometrical and kinematic parameters with sandbox experiments to observe the deformation between these two propagating rift systems. The basement of the rift zones were modelled with rubber strips glued to rigid metal plates, following the setup of McClay et al, 2002. However, this setup suffers from the lateral contraction of the rubber due to its elastic extension (the Poisson’s effect). This introduces a spurious kinematics, and in particular an unrealistic opening at the contact between the two rift parts. A new device, whereby thin metallic strips are glued to the sides of the rubber sheet reduces very substantially the Poisson effect and therefore improves the simulation of the overall extension. </p><p>Two main parameters are varied: the offset between the two rifts (D) and the relative velocity of extension of each rift. Narrowly spaced cross –sections of two experiments are interpreted to build 3D patterns.</p><p>The main results from the sandbox experiments are:</p><p>- Major and minor faults with the rifting zone localized by the rubber base present dips approximately equal to 75°.</p><p>- To obtain sigmoid fault array in map view best resembling the structural interpretation of Lebreton (2012), the rifts must be offsets (D>0) and the extension must be synchronous.</p><p>- The 3D fault patterns reveal that fault planes are not continuous in the accommodation zone, between the two rifts.  If these major faults are not connected in the central zone as shown by the physical models, then the fluid flow will be certainly influenced. This central relay zone could also be considered as a diffuse strain zone.</p><p>Numerical models will be helpful to introduce further material heterogeneities in this key area. The experimental results provide the data to validate the numerical modeling and to guide in the selection of the boundary conditions.</p>

Structure formation peculiarities at early stage of Antarctic–Australia separation based on physical modeling

The paper addresses crustal formation in the Australian–Antarctic basin at the early period of separation of Australia and Antarctica. The study covers long rifting (~160–80 Ma), ultraslow spreading (~80–45 Ma) with the formation of proto-oceanic, mainly ultrabasic crust, spreading (~45-40 Ma), and stationary spreading at medium velocities (after 40 Ma). The different stages of oceanic opening are clearly expressed in the changes of basement morphology (the top of the second oceanic layer) on seismic profiles. Physical modeling is used to reveal the peculiarities in the surface morphology of the oceanic (magmatic) crust which developed in the transitional conditions from ultraslow to slow and medium spreading. Our experiments established that (1) the presence of a stronger block in the pre-breakup model lithosphere in the pathway of the propagating rift faults can significantly affect the geometry of the spreading axis in its vicinity and lead to the development of transversal structures and a highly rugged relief; (2) under the conditions of ultraslow ocean accretion, numerous jumps of the spreading axes occur; (3) the temporary cessation of spreading leads to the development of linear high-amplitude uplifts corresponding to amagmatic ridges in the natural conditions.