Ten-year reduction in thoracic injury-related mortality among Israel Defense Forces soldiers

IntroductionThis study aims to describe injury patterns, prehospital interventions and mortality rates of combat-related thoracic injuries during the past decade among Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers before and after implementation of the 2012 IDF-Military Corps ‘My Brother’s Keeper’ plan which included the publication of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for thoracic injuries, emphasis on adequate torso protection, introduction of modern life-saving procedures and encouragement of rapid evacuation.MethodsThe IDF prehospital trauma registry was reviewed to identify all patients who sustained thoracic injuries from January 2006 to December 2017. IDF soldiers who were injured, died of wounds or killed in action (KIA) were included. These were cross-referenced with the Israel National Trauma Registry. The periods before and after the plan were compared.Results458 (12.3%) of 3733 IDF soldiers wounded on the battlefield sustained combat-related thoracic injuries. The overall mortality was 44.3% before the CPG and 17.3% after (p<0.001). Most were KIA: 97% (95 of 98) died by 30 June 2012, and 83% (20 of 24) after (p<0.001). Casualties treated with needle thoracostomy before and after CPG were 6.3% and 18.3%, respectively (p=0.002). More tube thoracostomies were performed after June 2012 (16.1% vs 5.4%, p=0.001). Evacuation was faster after June 2012 (119.4 min vs 560.8 min, p<0.001), but the rates of casualties evacuated within 60 min were similar (21.1% vs 25%, p=0.617).ConclusionsAmong military casualties with thoracic injuries, the rate of life-saving interventions increased, evacuation time decreased and mortality dropped following the implementation of My Brother’s Keeper plan.

Development of Smart Evacuation System for Fire Response in Apartments

A smart evacuation system is developed herein to reduce damage to lives and property by inducing rapid evacuation of the residents in the event of apartment fires. The smart evacuation system provides a safe evacuation environment and the best physical evacuation conditions by detecting the loads to be applied to evacuation facilities at all times. In addition, fire information is automatically disseminated to the residents and managers during a fire for initial evacuation, and the function for early fire extinguishing is enabled via report to the 119 situation room. The smart evacuation system comprises a safety ladder for evacuation, an ideal detection system to detect obstructions in the evacuation facilities, and a communication system to quickly inform authorities, residents, and managers of a fire. To verify effective performance of the safety ladder, real safety ladders were constructed and their structural performance and usability were verified. In addition, to ensure their permanent space in evacuation facilities, we verified that obstructions to evacuation were accurately detected as anomalies in real time using contactless sensors and communication modules. Finally, the fire information was sent to residents and managers in case of a fire to assist evacuation as well as reported to 119 for rapid suppression. Thus, we demonstrate that the smart evacuation system allows safe and effective evacuation with fast and accurate information in the event of a fire and is useful for initial response for fire suppression.

Implementasi Algoritma You Only Look Once (YOLO) untuk Deteksi Korban Bencana Alam

<p class="Abstrak">Bencana alam merupakan suatu peristiwa yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan dan menciptakan kekacuan. Bangunan yang runtuh dapat menyebabkan cidera dan kematian pada korban. Lokasi dan waktu kejadian bencana alam yang tidak dapat diprediksi oleh manusia berpotensi memakan korban yang tidak sedikit. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengurangi korban yang banyak, setelah kejadian bencana alam, pertama yang harus dilakukan yaitu menemukan dan menyelamatkan korban yang terjebak. Penanganan evakuasi yang cepat harus dilakukan tim SAR untuk membantu korban. Namun pada kenyataannya, tim SAR mengalami kendala selama proses evakuasi korban. Mulai dari sulitnya medan yang dijangkau hingga terbatasnya peralatan yang dibutuhkan. Pada penelitian ini sistem diimplementasikan untuk deteksi korban bencana alam yang bertujuan untuk membantu mengembangkan peralatan tim SAR untuk menemukan korban bencana alam yang berbasis pengolahan citra. Algoritma yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi ada atau tidaknya korban pada gambar adalah <em>You Only Look Once</em> (YOLO). Terdapat dua macam algoritma YOLO yang diimplementasikan pada sistem yaitu YOLOv3 dan YOLOv3 Tiny. Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan <em>F1 Score</em> mencapai 95.3% saat menggunakan YOLOv3 dengan menggunakan 100 data latih dan 100 data uji.</p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstract"><em>Natural disasters are events that can cause damage and create havoc. Buildings that collapse and can cause injury and death to victims. Humans can not predict the location and timing of natural disasters. After the natural disaster, the first thing to do is find and save trapped victims. The handling of rapid evacuation must be done by the SAR team to help victims to reduce the amount of loss due to natural disasters. But in reality, the process of evacuating victims of natural disasters is still a lot of obstacles experienced by the SAR team. It was starting from the difficulty of the terrain that is reached to the limited equipment needed. In this study, a natural disaster victim detection system was designed using image processing that aims to help find victims in difficult or vulnerable locations when directly reached by humans. In this study, a detection system for victims of natural disasters was implemented which aims to help develop equipment for the SAR team to find victims of natural disasters based on image processing. The algorithm used is You Only Look Once (YOLO). In this study, two types of YOLO algorithms were compared, namely YOLOv3 and YOLOv3 Tiny. From the test results that have been obtained, the F1 Score reaches 95.3% when using YOLOv3 with 100 training data and 100 test data.</em></p>

Role of Oral Transmission in Disaster Prevention Education – Significance of Disaster Folklore in Modern Times –

Oral and other modes of transmission that convey the experience of past disasters possess a vividness that cannot be obtained by disaster prevention education practices such as viewing hazard maps. Oral transmission is believed to have the capacity to induce rapid evacuation of people during disasters by acting on their emotions such as fear or anxiety. Meanwhile, the judgment, decision-making, or disaster knowledge of past disasters, has limitations such as the inclusion of inappropriate views from the standpoint of modern disaster management, or underestimation of the damage in the event of major disasters of an unprecedented scale, which can lead to a delay in evacuation. Disaster prevention education should adopt a “hybrid approach,” which combines oral transmission or other means that act on “emotions,” by providing a virtual experience of disasters and modern disaster-prevention knowledge, including hazard maps and teaching material, based on “reason.”

An Evacuation Simulation for Hazard Analysis of Isolation at Sea during Passenger Ship Heeling

The Crisis Management Manual is essential for safe and rapid evacuation in the event of an accident. However, the disaster response measures in the current ship evacuation manual are not systematic and are simple and impractical. In particular, the current instructions when the ship is heeling call for evacuation to the highest deck, in the opposite direction. This advice is dangerous, however, because it is isolated to a specific space, due to the walking limit angle according to the angle of heel during evacuation. This study focuses on the MV Sewol ferry accident on 16 April 2014, to evaluate the risk of isolation at sea when evacuating to the highest deck opposite in the direction of heeling when the ship was sinking. According to the initial angle of heel and various angular velocities, hazard maps were created for each safety factor to predict the risks for each situation, by performing a comprehensive evaluation of the safe and dangerous situations when evacuating to the highest deck. The problems and limitations of the current evacuation manuals and systems were identified, and the necessity of a new evacuation solution was presented.

A Study on the Improvement of the Management Method Indicators Lamp for Fire Alarm System

The number of casualties in fire-related accidents has increased recently as fires have increased. Among facilities that reduce casualties in case of fire, the alarm is a fire-fighting facility that allows occupants to quickly evacuate to a safe space through alerts in case of danger. Location indicator lamps indicating the location of the transmitter in alarm systems play a very important role in the event of a fire. In the event of a fire, an alarm is issued through the transmitter, and fire transmitters ensure prompt action. However, performance control of the location indicator is not performed during inspection of the legal firefighting facility; only the lighting condition is checked. It is essential to maintain the performance of the location indicator of the transmitter, which can induce rapid evacuation and reduce casualties. This study investigated the performance state and management method of a position indicator lamp that can easily recognize the location of the transmitter. In the case of aging position indicators, it was found that the luminance was low and that identification could not be secured.

A magma ocean origin for Mercury's earliest exosphere

&lt;p&gt;MESSENGER observations used to constrain surface composition suggest a global magma ocean formed on early Mercury [1, 2]. Our study models the coupled evolution of the Hermean magma ocean and atmosphere, and determines the extent of exospheric loss from an atmosphere formed by evaporation of a magma ocean. Using our framework to couple the interior and exterior chemical reservoirs, we evaluate a range of possible atmospheric evolution scenarios for early Mercury. These include the possibility that Mercury was fully-accreted before a mantle stripping event caused by a giant impact [3] led to degassing, or alternatively that the building blocks of Mercury were already relatively volatile-free.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Assuming an initial surface temperature of 2500 K and an oxygen fugacity fixed at 1 log unit below the Iron-W&amp;#252;stite buffer, we find that the Hermean magma ocean cooled to 1500 K (the rheological transition) in around 400 to 9000 yrs, depending on the efficiency of radiative heat transfer in the atmosphere. We investigate the behaviour of two endmember cases: (1) a present-day sized Mercury that is volatile free and thus cools in a manner similar to that of a blackbody, and (2) a larger Mercury that is sufficiently volatile-rich to provide a greenhouse atmosphere that delays cooling. During the magma ocean stage, evaporation and sublimation of oxide components from the molten silicate magma contribute to the growth of the atmosphere, in addition to volatile outgassing. For the endmember case with initial volatile abundances based on enstatite chondrite-like precursors, the atmosphere is dominated by CO, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, with minor abundances of SiO, Na, K, Mg, and Fe gas species. For the endmember case without major volatiles (C, H), the atmospheric composition is dominated by metal- and metal oxide gas species only.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We apply a Monte Carlo (MC) atmospheric loss model [4] to calculate exospheric losses for all pathways and find that photoionization is the dominant loss mechanism for early Mercury. Cases both with and without major volatiles reveal that the atmosphere lasts between 100 and 250 years before the near-surface of Mercury becomes solid. Preliminary MC results show that photo-dissociation considerably alters the atmospheric composition, efficiently breaking SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; into SiO&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and O. Solar wind and magnetospheric plasma leads to rapid evacuation of the ionized species from the neutral exosphere whereas oxygen is lost efficiently by Jeans escape.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Using our coupled framework, future modelling efforts will aim to understand if and how the evaporation of the magma ocean of early Mercury has modified its surface composition, with a view to interpreting BepiColombo observations. Hence our work provides an important step to connect Mercury&amp;#8217;s formation, earliest evolution, and upcoming observations.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;References: [1] Vander Kaaden, K. E. and McCubbin, F. M. (2016). Cosmochim. Ac., 173, 246&amp;#8211;263. [2] Berthet, S., Malavergne, V., and Righter, K. (2009). Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 73(20), 6402&amp;#8211;6420. [3] Benz, W., et al. (2008). Mercury, pp. 7&amp;#8211;20. Springer. [4] Wurz, P., and Lammer, H. (2003). &lt;em&gt;Icarus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;164&lt;/em&gt;(1), 1&amp;#8211;13&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Rapid Spontaneous Resolution of Large Acute Extra Dural Hematoma

Acute extra dural hematoma constitutes for approximately 1.5% of case treated for head trauma. Early diagnosis and rapid evacuation is needed for most of the large hematomas. Only few cases are reported which showed rapid spontaneous resolution. Herein, we report a case of spontaneous resolution of large EDH within 12 hours in 24 years old gentleman and possible mechanisms are discussed

Endotracheal tube fixation time: a comparison of three fixation methods in a military field scenario

IntroductionEndotracheal intubation is required in many emergency, trauma and prehospital scenarios. Endotracheal tube (ETT) fixation must be stable and quick to apply to enable rapid evacuation and patient transport. This study compares performance times of three common ETT securement techniques which are practical for out-of-hospital and combat scenarios.MethodsWe compared the time required by military medics to complete ETT fixation in three techniques—fixation of a wide gauze roll wrapped twice around the head and tied twice around the ETT (GR), using a Thomas Tube Holder (TH) and using a pre-tied non-adhesive tape (PT). 300 military medics were randomised to apply one technique each on a manikin, and time to completion was recorded.Results300 ETTs were successfully fixated by 300 military medics. Median times to complete ETT fixation by PT and TH techniques were 24 s (IQR (19 to 31) and (IQR 20 to 33), respectively). Both were significantly shorter to apply than the GR technique, with a median time of 57 s (IQR 47 to 81), p<0.001.ConclusionsIn time critical situations such as combat, severe trauma, mass casualties and whenever rapid evacuation might improve the clinical outcome, using a faster fixation technique such as Thomas Tube Holder or a pre-tied non-adhesive tape might enable faster evacuation than the use of traditional endotracheal tube fixation techniques.