A New Research Economy: Socio-technical framework to open up lines of credit in the academic community

Journal articles have been the gold standard for research and scholarly communication. Specifically, measurements of publication and citation, particularly in high-impact journals, have long been the key means of accruing credit for researchers. In turn, these credits become the currency through which researchers acquire funding and achieve professional success. But, like global trade, tying in to a fixed standard limits wealth distribution and innovation. It is time for the research community to attribute credit for contributions that reflect and drive collaborative innovation, rewarding behaviors that produce better research outcomes.

DIRECTIONS FOR INCREASING TAX REVENUES LOCAL BUDGETS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the tax revenues of local budgets and identify ways to increase them. In the execution of the study, such methods as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization were used. The study revealed the paucity of tax revenues of local budgets, and suggested the ways to increase them – in particular, a fixed standard of deductions to local budgets on corporate income tax and taxes paid with the use of a simplified tax system, and also improving the system for indentifying unformed buildings to expand the tax base for the tax on property of individuals. The results of the study can be applied both in subsequent theoretical and methodological developments on this topic, and in practice when amending the legislation of the Russian Federation. Additionally, the results of the study can be used for scientific purposes, as a material for further studies. It is possible to use the material for methodical purposes as background information on a number of financial disciplines. The scientific novelty of the study is to development of recommendations for increasing the tax revenues of local budgets.

Perfectly Safe, Five Times Out of Six: The Briginshaw Principle and Its Paradoxes

When a method of risk assessment would endorse playing Russian roulette, something has gone badly wrong with its logic. Yet the current understanding of Briginshaw v Briginshaw means courts cannot properly account for the risks presented in just this sort of situation. In this article, I explain the Briginshaw principle by comparison to intuitive and mathematical models of decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. I show that, while Briginshaw itself left the High Court of Australia deeply divided about where the so-called principle was enlivened and its consequences, subsequent judicial consideration has partly resolved this confusion. However, these subsequent authorities depart from our models, because courts wrongly assume serious allegations are inherently unlikely, insufficiently account for the consequences of ‘false negatives’, and have contradictory attitudes towards economic consequences. More fundamentally, while no theory of decision-making can totally avoid risk, I show that the accepted interpretation of Briginshaw as a fixed standard of proof means courts cannot properly account for improbable but grave consequences. Adopting a variable standard of proof would resolve some of these issues, but current authority is inconsistent with this approach.

Scripture

If spiritual gifts signify the possibility of new revelation, scripture represents a fixed standard. However, Mormonism’s standard is expansive and open to further development. Mormons read the Bible with a limited literalism but consider it to be missing “plain and precious things” and in need of correction and supplement. Joseph provided a new “translation,” but it was not canonized in whole. The Book of Mormon functions more as a sign of Smith’s authority than as a reservoir of doctrine, though it was important in providing a template for the organization of the church, priesthood, and basic sacraments. The Doctrine and Covenants is a compendium of Smith’s revelations, and though it is open in principle, only a few revelations not of his authorship have been added. And the Pearl of Great Price canonized his visionary experiences and a tremendously important text of purported Mosaic origin, along with a problematic account attributed to Abraham.

Reversing the Manual Digit Bias in Two-Digit Number Comparison

Though recent work in numerical cognition has supported a strong tie between numerical and spatial representations (e.g., a mental number line), less is known about such ties in multi-digit number representations. Along this line, Bloechle, Huber, and Moeller (2015) found that pointing positions in two-digit number comparison were biased leftward toward the decade digit. Moreover, this bias was reduced in unit-decade incompatible pairs. In the present study, we tracked computer mouse movements as participants compared two-digit numbers to a fixed standard (55). Similar to Bloechle et al. (2015) , we found that trajectories exhibited a leftward bias that was reduced for unit-decade incompatible comparisons. However, when positions of response labels were reversed, the biases reversed. That is, we found a rightward bias for compatible pairs that was reduced for incompatible pairs. This result calls into question a purely embodied representation of place value structure and instead supports a competition model of two-digit number representation.

MultiCellDS: a community-developed standard for curating microenvironment-dependent multicellular data

Exchanging and understanding scientific data and their context represents a significant barrier to advancing research, especially with respect to information siloing. Maintaining information provenance and providing data curation and quality control help overcome common concerns and barriers to the effective sharing of scientific data. To address these problems in and the unique challenges of multicellular systems, we assembled a panel composed of investigators from several disciplines to create the MultiCellular Data Standard (MultiCellDS) with a use-case driven development process. The standard includes (1) digital cell lines, which are analogous to traditional biological cell lines, to record metadata, cellular microenvironment, and cellular phenotype variables of a biological cell line, (2) digital snapshots to consistently record simulation, experimental, and clinical data for multicellular systems, and (3) collections that can logically group digital cell lines and snapshots. We have created a MultiCellular DataBase (MultiCellDB) to store digital snapshots and the 200+ digital cell lines we have generated. MultiCellDS, by having a fixed standard, enables discoverability, extensibility, maintainability, searchability, and sustainability of data, creating biological applicability and clinical utility that permits us to identify upcoming challenges to uplift biology and strategies and therapies for improving human health.

PERGESERAN PARADIGMATIK TENTANG VALIDITAS HADITH NABI: Telaah Historis Istilah-Istilah dalam Kajian Kualitas Hadith

The Quality of hadith which became a measure of the validity of the hadith is urgent. Among experts hadith, the Quality of hadith can be divided five variant, nemely sahih li dhatihi, sahih li ghairih, hasan lidhatihi, hasan lighairi and da’if. But the question is whether the emergence of terms simultaneously or based on a specific time dimension. The anwers for the questions are hat the terms conceptually not appear simultaneously and even tend to separate between one and the other. This reasoning is based on a fixed standard suggested by scholars of hadith especially al-Bukhari and Muslim. Both, very dominating compared to the compilers of kutub al – Sittah. Besides that, the frictions among scholars of hadith also give contributes to the distribution quality of hadith. They claim and make rules that lead to a different conclusion, although it remains aware that the accuracy of the theory remains dominated by certain scholars. Syahid and Tabi’ also contribute to the quality of hadith, though only a part of the external.Keywords; Quality of hadith, scholars of hadith, Syahid and Tabi’

Reversing the manual digit bias in two-digit number comparison

Though recent work in numerical cognition has supported the embodiment of number representations (e.g., a mental number line), little is known about the embodiment of multi-digit number representations. Along this line, Bloechle, Huber, and Moeller (2015) found that pointing positions in two-digit number comparison were biased leftward toward the decade digit. Moreover, this bias was reduced in unit-decade incompatible pairs. In the present study, we tracked computer mouse movements as participants compared two-digit numbers to a fixed standard (55). Similar to Bloechle et al. (2015), we found that trajectories exhibited a leftward bias that was reduced for unit-decade incompatible comparisons. However, when positions of response labels were reversed, the biases reversed. That is, we found a rightward bias for compatible pairs that was reduced for incompatible pairs. This result calls into question a purely embodied representation of place value structure and instead supports a competition model of two-digit number representation.