II Brygada Legionów Polskich w Karpatach (listopad-grudzień 1914 r.). Cz. II

The Brigade II of the Polish Legions in the Carpathian Mountains (November‑December 1914): Part II In this article, the author presents the activity of the Polish Legions, at that time commanded by the general Karol Durski, in the Carpathian Mountains. Polish soldiers had to fight there under very difficult conditions as a result of the numerous deficiencies in equipment and arms. Nonetheless, they tried to perform the tasks to which they were entrusted as best as they could. As opposed to the weakness of the Austro‑Hungarian army, the Polish units in this region played a decisive rule in halting the Russian offensive. This was a significant factor because if the Russians had crossed the Carpathians, this would have led to an invasion of Hungary, which could have had unpredictable consequences. In the first phase, the Polish units participated in the fight to liberate Máramaros County. The second phase comprised the armed conflict in the Nadvirna and Bohorodchany regions. This part of the skirmishes was finished with the bloody Battle of Mołotków on October 29, 1914. Although it ended with a tactical defeat of the Polish units, which were forced to retreat, it was, however, a tactical victory, as the Russians, exhausted by the daylong battle, were forced to cease their offensive manoeuvres.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD OF CLUSTERIZATION OF TRAIN SITUATIONS

The introduction of intelligent locomotive control systems requires better approaches to assessing and monitoring the current train situation than those used in modern traction rolling stock. Automatic detection of complex abnormal situations is currently not provided. For example, determining the inefficiency of the brakes, speeding, the presence of obstacles or people on the track, the deterioration of the traction properties of rolling stock, etc. relies solely on the driver of the locomotive. Given the important impact of these factors on traffic safety, it is proposed to include in the functions of automated and intelligent traffic control systems recognition of abnormal situations and notification of its occurrence. When driving a train, all objects of classification (train situations) are divided into a finite number of classes. A finite number of precedent objects are known and studied for each class. The task of pattern recognition is to assign a new recognizable situation to a class. The classifier or decisive rule is the rule of assigning the image of a train situation to one of the classes on the basis of its vector of features. An order of classification of train situations has been developed, which allows to allocate clusters of any complex shape, provided that different parts of such clusters are connected by chains of close to each other elements. The measure of difference is the square of the Euclidean distance.

Role of magnetic resonance imaging in prediction of chondrosarcoma of bone grade

Purpose. Determining the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in the accurate definition of chondrosarcoma of bone grade at the pre-surgery examination. Material and methods. We analyzed examination data (magnetic resonance imaging with no contrast enhancement) of 70 patients with chondrosarcoma (35 patients with low-grade chondrosarcoma and 35 patients with high grade chondrosarcoma). Informative weighted coefficients were determined separately for ‘learning’ and ‘examination’ samples. On the basis of weighted coefficients, the decisive rule was created for differentiation between low-grade and high-grade chondrosarcoma. Results. The sensitivity of the method was 87.0%, specificity was 95.6%, total correct classification was 91.03%. Conclusion. Magnetic resonance imaging is a highly informative method for prediction of chondrosarcoma grade at the pre-surgery examination.

Posterior tracking of multiple target elements

The posterior method of selecting and tracking the elements (objects) of a group radar target is considered. It allows for estimating the number of elements in a group target and carrying out their preliminary selection. It also helps in evaluating the tracking characteristics of the selected elements. A feature of the method is the preliminary accumulation of a data array to be processed further out of real-time. An histograms analysis is constructed to achieve that based on the processing results of the specified array. The corresponding algorithm provides for variations construction in the spread of the initial moments of the pulses relative to the average value in the packet, as well as modes in the packet and strobe. The decisive function in this case is defined as the product of these variations, and the decisive rule is to find the value of the spacing of the pulse numbers at which the minimum value of the decisive function is achieved. This value is interpreted as the number of elements in the group. The possibility of splitting a group into separate elements using the proposed approach is demonstrated. Mathematical modeling of the tracking procedure allowed comparing two possible methods. The first one is the “strongest neighbor” method, which provides for the choice of the continuation of the pulse with the maximum amplitude in the strobe. The second one is the “nearest neighbor” method, which provides the choice of the continuation of the pulse with the median moment of registration in the strobe. A comparative analysis of these two approaches demonstrated the preference of the “nearest neighbor” method as the one to provide less distortion of the time dependences of the amplitude and frequency. Evaluation of tracking parameters carried out according to the constructed histograms made it also possible to assess the probability of detecting an object during tracking.

DETECTION OF RADAR TARGETS ON THE BACKGROUND OF ACTIVE INTERFERENCE BY THE DETECTOR OF THE POLARIZATION MATTER OF THE SCATTERING

The article discusses the possibility of detecting radar targets moving under the cover of active noise masking interference, acting along the main lobe of the antenna system's radiation pattern, and also using self-covering noise. It is shown that in radar stations with full polarization sounding of the space and measurement of the polarization scattering matrix (PSM), it is possible to synthesize a decisive rule for target detection against active noise-free correlated interference. This synthesis is possible on the basis of the determinant of the polarization scattering matrix, the value of which has the properties of invariance to the form of the polarization scattering vector. The analysis of the determinant of the polarization scattering matrix in the conditions of measuring its elements against the background of active interference makes it possible to identify differences in the values of the determinant under conditions of presence and absence of a target in the volume of space allowed by the radar system. In this case, the value of the determinant becomes the main information feature. A distinctive feature of the detector is the invariance to the form of the polarization scattering vector. The detector synthesis is based on differences in the signals of the secondary and primary radiation, which appear at the output of the PSM meter, namely, on the properties of the determinant of the polarization matrix of the scattering of the object and the signal received from the source of active interference. The purpose of the article is to illustrate the differences in the properties of the polarization scattering matrix at the output of the PSM meter in the presence of active interference and / or a useful signal, as well as the possibilities of using the existing differences in the properties of PSM and their estimates in the presence of active interference for the synthesis of a radar detector.

Imitation and Individuation

A crucial feature of our individual biography is grounded in our common corporeal structure. Our life begins with a strong bodily intertwining that has an essential biographical and existential meaning. To elucidate this pre-egological form of connection between subjects, I refer to a peculiar form of sympathetical experience which precedes the intersubjective experience proper. From the genetic phenomenological point of view, sympathetical experience is characterized by a prereflective form of intentionality, which I describe as trans-bodily intentionality, as well as by fusional dynamics realised through a special kind of immediate corporeal fantasy. Focusing on the individuation processes of personal life, I show to which degree trans-bodily intentional dynamics result in the dissolution of the subject’s centricity or at least in its fluidification. Such a fluidification, moreover, should be systematically understood as a condition of possibility for the very process of becoming a Self. In my contribution, I discuss to which degree the corporeal phantasy plays a decisive rule in the creative process of becoming a Self.

Information indicators of radar portraits of air objects and generalized indicators of the ability of recognition systems to extract information

To improve the quality of recognition of air objects, it is proposed to use a priori information contained in reference portraits, which are formed adaptively to the conditions of observation. A decisive rule is formulated on the assignment of the observed target to the k-th group under the assumption that the signal and background are normal stationary random processes with zero mean values and the covariance matrices of portraits are known. The quality criterion of recognition is proposed, the result of which implementation is a decision with a probability not below the required Ptr. The price for the implementation of this criterion is the decision content change. For the implementation of the radar recognition system (HRD) with structural-parametric adaptation of the radar it is proposed to introduce into the system a device of the quality and control forecast, which conducts the assessment (forecast) of the amount of information and change the decisive rule of the HRD system in accordance with the received assessment. An indicator of the amount of information extracted by the recognition system from the radar portrait (RLP) is introduced, which is thought as a measure of reducing uncertainty in the decision-making process on the target group with the help of the RLR system. It is shown that the amount of extracted information depends not only on the parameters of the RLP, but also on the algorithm of its processing. The potential amount of information about the goal of the k-th information group contained in the RLP is determined, the concept of a sufficiently informative portrait with the recognition of the goals of all groups is introduced. The concepts of differential and integral contrast are formalized in the case of arbitrarily correlated RLP. The introduced concepts of differential and integral contrasts for the special case of uncorrelated RLP are extended to the General case of arbitrarily correlated RLP.

Hidden Data Embedding Method Based on the Image Projections Onto the Eigenvectors of Subinterval Matrices

We consider the new method of hidden data embedding based on the transform of the container-image using the apparatus of subinterval matrices of the cosine transform. The developed method deals with the analysis of the container-image projections onto the eigenvectors of subinterval matrices. A decisive rule for the choice of informative and non-informative image projections subsets based on a given significance level is proposed. The computational experiments results of projections partitioning into informative and non-informative subsets show that it is possible to obtain a different numbers of informative and non-informative projections subsets using different significance levels. It allows to implement a hidden embedding of different data amounts. The embedding data are represented by a binary sequence. In our method we proposed to implement the data embedding on the basis of a relative change of given projections values. To test the workability of the developed method computational experiments were carried out. Their results showed that the developed method allows to perform data recovery without distortion, and causes a slight distortions of the image containing the embedded data. Also we carried out comparative computational experiments to compare the results of the developed method application with the results of Е. Koch and J. Zhao method and spread spectrum method. Their results showed that the developed method causes less distortions of the container-image than other ones.

Walki Legionów Polskich w Karpatach (wrzesień‑październik 1914 r.)

The 2nd Brigade, Polish Legions in the Carpathian Mountains (September-October 1914)In this article, the author presents the activity of the Polish Legions, at that time commanded by General Karol Durski, in the Carpathian Mountains. Polish soldiers then had to fight under very difficult conditions as a result of the numerous deficiencies in equipment and arms. Nonetheless, they tried to perform the tasks to which they were entrusted as best as they could. Amidst the weakness of the Austro-Hungarian army, Polish units in this region played a decisive rule in halting the Russian offensive. This was significant because if the Russians had crossed the Carpathians, this would have led to an invasion of Hungary, which could have had unpredictable consequences. In the first phase, Polish units participated in the struggle to liberate Máramaros County. The second phase consisted of armed conflict in the Nadvirna and Bohorodchany regions. This part of the skirmishes concludes with the bloody Battle of Mołotków on October 29, 1914. Although it ended with a tactical defeat of the Polish units, which were forced to retreat, it was, however, a tactical victory, as the Russians, exhausted by the daylong battle, were forced to cease their offensive maneuvers.

Counter-limits doctrine in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal (until 2015)

The analysis herein, while mainly descriptive, presents the main foundations of the Constitutional Tribunal’s jurisprudence in matters of hierarchical control of the constitutionality of laws concerning the EU. It distinguishes some principles, concepts and constitutional theories which, according to the Constitutional Tribunal, set the limits of European integration. The main thesis of the paper is that, in this context, the basic and decisive rule is the supremacy of the Constitution, which does not have exceptions or limitations. A hypothesis was also formulated that the Solange II maxim does not reflect the actual state of European constitutionalism, in which the level of protection of fundamental rights is significantly increased while possible collisions between the level of protection of fundamental rights in the EU and the Member States should be solved by means of the clauses provided in Articles 51–54 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.