Injectable Ketorolac and Corticosteroid Use in Athletes: A Systematic Review

Context: The use of injectable medications to help athletes quickly return to the field of play after injury is common. Understanding the effects and risks of these medications will help providers make informed decisions regarding their use in this patient population. Objective: To evaluate the utilization, efficacy, and adverse effects of injectable ketorolac and corticosteroids in athletes. Data Sources: This systematic review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A systematic search of the literature was performed using multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov). Secondary references were appraised for relevant articles. No randomized controlled trials or other prospective studies were identified. Articles included retrospective database reviews and physician survey studies. Study Selection: A total of 6 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers with a third consulted in the case of disagreement, which was not needed. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Data Extraction: Two reviewers recorded rate of use, effectiveness of treatment, and reported side effect data. Results: Most studies centered around the football athlete, either professional or collegiate. Professional football game day use of intramuscular ketorolac declined from 93.3% (28/30) in 2002 to 48% in 2016. Collegiate football game day use of intramuscular ketorolac declined from 62% in 2008 to 26% in 2016. Game day corticosteroid injection was far lower than ketorolac usage. Both medications were reported to be effective with few adverse events. Conclusion: Use of injectable ketorolac is common but declining in professional and college football. Pain control efficacy is good, and risk of adverse events is low. The incidence of injectable corticosteroid use in athletes is unknown. Use of injectable corticosteroids in athletes allows for early return to sport activities with no reported complications.

Postoperative analgesia following elective abdominal surgery: a prospective observational study

Background: Laparotomy forms an important subset of general surgical operations. This study aimed at collecting the baseline information on postoperative analgesia, to detect deficiencies in current management of postoperative pain and to aid as a reference for future endeavours aimed at improving pain management following abdominal surgeries.Methods: It was conducted as a prospective descriptive study in patients undergoing elective laparotomies in the Department of General Surgery of a tertiary care institute, for two years. The patterns of prescription and administration of analgesic drugs for postoperative pain after abdominal surgery, incidence and severity of postoperative pain, adverse effects of drugs and patient satisfaction were assessed.Results: A total of 289 elective laparotomies were performed. Combinations of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with opioids, epidural analgesia (EA) with supplemental intramuscular ketorolac and PCEA (Patient controlled EA) provided effective pain relief with high satisfaction score (3/4) and were associated with low sedation (1/3) and the least side effects. Patients receiving NSAIDs had higher pain score with lesser satisfaction score and lower sedation score. IV-PCA with morphine provided effective pain relief with high satisfaction score (3/4), with least side effects, but patients had high sedation score (2/3). Around 55 (55/289; 19.03%) patients experienced postoperative nausea and vomiting, which responded to antiemetic treatment.Conclusions: A combination of NSAIDs with opioids provided effective pain relief, high satisfaction with less sedation and least side effects. Epidural analgesia with supplemental intramuscular ketorolac and PCEA also provided effective pain relief with high satisfaction and less sedation with least side effects.