Innovation in International Business

Nowadays, international business has a relevant role in the global economy. This is due to the connection that international business has with globalization. Also, innovation has a key role in the development of international business. Innovation is considered like the basic dynamic of today economy development. The role of innovation can be evaluated, by other stakeholders who operate in the same market, as an important factor of increasing the company’s value. A country that is interested to has his own innovation in order to develop his national economy, has to establish research and development centres, research institutes , universities, etc. Globalization development is associated with the development of basic rights for the protection and the development of "global products’. Different countries vary in the extent to which they protect intellectual property and enforce intellectual property regulations. The presence of strong, enforceable, consistent property rights serves to make the world flatter. However, as long as significant differences in property rights exist around the globe, the world will be far from flat with respect to innovation.In this paper, we will focus in intellectual property. We will explain what the intellectual property is, and what are the types of intellectual property. Further, we will see the differences in legislation that different countries have in the protection of intellectual property. At the end of this paper we will focus at the innovation of the business in Europe and in Albania.

On generalized completely distributive posets

The notion of generalized completely distributivity is modified in order to obtain a tractable and consistent property of ordered sets.

On the Degrees of Freedom of Mixed Matrix Regression

With the increasing prominence of big data in modern science, data of interest are more complex and stochastic. To deal with the complex matrix and vector data, this paper focuses on the mixed matrix regression model. We mainly establish the degrees of freedom of the underlying stochastic model, which is one of the important topics to construct adaptive selection criteria for efficiently selecting the optimal model fit. Under some mild conditions, we prove that the degrees of freedom of mixed matrix regression model are the sum of the degrees of freedom of Lasso and regularized matrix regression. Moreover, we establish the degrees of freedom of nuclear-norm regularization multivariate regression. Furthermore, we prove that the estimates of the degrees of freedom of the underlying models process the consistent property.

Asymptotic Parameter Estimation for a Class of Linear Stochastic Systems Using Kalman-Bucy Filtering

The asymptotic parameter estimation is investigated for a class of linear stochastic systems with unknown parameterθ:dXt=(θα(t)+β(t)Xt)dt+σ(t)dWt. Continuous-time Kalman-Bucy linear filtering theory is first used to estimate the unknown parameterθbased on Bayesian analysis. Then, some sufficient conditions on coefficients are given to analyze the asymptotic convergence of the estimator. Finally, the strong consistent property of the estimator is discussed by comparison theorem.

A bacteriocin produced by certain M-type 49Streptococcus pyogenesstrains when incubated anaerobically

SummaryBacteriocin production (P)-typing of 75 M-type 49 group-A streptococci obtained from a variety of epidemiological incidents in different countries gave no evidence of production under the usual aerobic test conditions. However, with anaerobic incubation, 28% of the strains gave a pattern of inhibitory activity against the indicator strains which was indistinguishable from that previously attributed to the bacteriocin, streptococcin A-FF22 (SA-FF22). Isolation and partial purification of the M type 49 bacteriocin (SA-M49) by freeze–thaw elution from anaerobically grown lawn cultures, followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex chromatography, showed the activity to be associated with a heat-stable proteinaceous molecule of molecular weight approximately 8000 – properties similar to those of SA-FF22. SA-FF22 and SA-M49 were found to have identical inhibitory spectra including immunity of the producer strains to the inhibitory activity of both the homologous and heterologous bacteriocin preparations. SA-M49 production occurred in some strains of phage subtypes II, III and provisional VI and. since it was a consistent property for all isolates from single outbreaks of infection, it provides a means of discriminating between strains of each of these three phage subtypes. There was no evidence of any increased incidence of SA-M49 production in M-type 49 strains associated with nephritic sequelae