Preparation and Characterization of Curcumin Nanoemulsion in Olive Oil-Tween 80 System using Wet Ball Milling Method

Nanoemulsion has been developed as a drug delivery system which increases bioavailability and effectiveness of curcumin. Many methods and formulations have been applied in order to fabricate the most efficient nanoemulsion system to deliver curcumin. Wet ball milling is a simple technique to grind solids like powder to produce nano emulsion. On the other hand, a combination of olive oil and curcumin in Mediterranian Diet shows a promising anticancer activity. This research aims to elaborate the preparation and characterization of curcumin nanoemulsion in olive oil-Tween 80 system with wet ball milling method. It is expected that the procedure yields a combination of curcumin and olive oil in nanoemulsion system with simple preparation. This research uses curcumin as active compound, olive oil as solvent for curcumin, Tween 80 as stabilizer, and water as dispersing agent. Particle size and polydispersity index are determined using Dynamic Light Scattering technique. The results show that the best milling time is 8 hours to produce nanoemulsion that has diameter of 303 nm and polidispersity index of 0.29. Nanoemulsion system is stable for 60 days storage at 4 oC and 25 oC. The maximum curcumin mass that can be loaded in the system while maintaining particle size in nanoemulsion range is 300 mg.

Proses pembuatan waterglass dari pasir silika dengan pelebur natrium hidroksida

Waterglass from silica sand production process with buster sodium hydroxideWaterglass may be prepared by the fusion process of silica sand using alkali. Waterglass component, which mainly contains SiO2 and Na2O, have various applications depending on their composition. Waterglass is usually used in the soap and detergent, paper, textile, and ceramic industries, in the cleaning of metals, the manufacture of silica gel, and others. This research was done to study the effect of silica sand particle size and the quantity of NaOH as fluxing agent on the yield and SiO2 content of waterglass produced by the alkali fusion process in a furnace. Silica sand particle size was varied at 35/40 and 50/60 mesh. The quantity of NaOH fluxing agent was varied at 1:1, 1.5:1, 2.4:1, 3.2:1, and 4:1 g/g to mass of the silica sand. Other fusion process variables, namely temperature, time, and silica sand quantity, were held constant at 500oC, 2 hours, and 10 gram, respectively. Research results indicated that decreasing silica sand particle size resulted in the increasing SiO2 and Na2O content. Increasing NaOH fluxing agent quantity increases the Na2O content of the waterglass. In this research, the highest SiO2 content of the waterglass of 34.6 %-mass SiO2, was obtained at an NaOH content of 2.4:1 g/g to mass of the silica sand, and silica sand particle size of 50/60 mesh.Keywords: silica sand, NaOH fluxing agent, particle size, waterglass AbstrakWaterglass dapat dibuat melalui proses peleburan pasir silika dengan alkali. Kandungan dalam waterglass, terutama berupa SiO2 dan Na2O mempunyai berbagai kegunaan tergantung pada komposisinya masing-masing. Biasanya waterglass digunakan pada industri sabun atau deterjen, kertas, tekstil, keramik, digunakan untuk pembersihan logam, pembuatan silika gel, dan lain sebagainya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh ukuran partikel pasir silika dan jumlah NaOH sebagai pelebur terhadap perolehan waterglass dan kadar SiO2 pada pembuatan waterglass dengan proses peleburan alkali di dalam furnace. Variabel berupa ukuran partikel pasir silika dipelajari pada ukuran 35/40 dan 50/60 mesh. Sedangkan banyaknya pelebur NaOH divariasikan sebanyak 1:1, 1,5:1, 2,4:1, 3,2:1, dan 4:1 g/g terhadap pasir silika. Kondisi peleburan lainnya berupa temperatur, waktu dan jumlah pasir silika, dilakukan pada nilai konstan, secara berturutan pada 500°C, 2 jam, dan 10 gram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada penggunaan pasir silika dengan ukuran partikel yang makin kecil diperoleh waterglass dengan kadar SiO2 dan Na2O yang makin besar. Dan dengan makin banyaknya penggunaan pelebur NaOH, diperoleh kadar Na2O dalam waterglass juga makin tinggi. Pada penelitian ini waterglass dengan kadar SiO2 tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan pelebur NaOH sebanyak 2,4:1 g/g terhadap pasir silika dan ukuran pasir silika sebesar 50/60 mesh, yaitu sebesar 34,6 %-b SiO2.Kata kunci: pasir silika, pelebur NaOH, ukuran partikel, waterglass.

Energy Storage Coordination in Energy Internet Based on Multi-Agent Particle Swarm Optimization

With the rapid development of energy Internet (EI), energy storage (ES), which is the key technology of EI, has attracted widespread attention. EI is composed of multiple energy networks that provide energy support for each other, so it has a great demand for diverse energy storages (ESs). All of this may result in energy redundancy throughout the whole EI system. Hence, coordinating ESs among various energy networks is of great importance. First of all, we put forward the necessity and principles of energy storage coordination (ESC) in EI. Then, the ESC model is constructed with the aim of economic efficiency (EE) and energy utilization efficiency (EUE) respectively. Finally, a multi-agent particle swarm optimization (MAPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The calculation results are compared with that of PSO, and results show that MAPSO has good convergence and computational accuracy. In addition, the simulation results prove that EE plays the most important role when coordinating various ESs in EI, and an ES configuration with the multi-objective optimization of EE and EUE is concluded at last.