Socio-ecological dimensions of agroforestry called kebun campuran in tropical karst ecosystem of West Java, Indonesia

Parikesit, Withaningsih S, Rozi F. 2021. Socio-ecological dimensions of agroforestry called kebun campuran in tropical karst ecosystem of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 122-131. Traditional and modernized systems combining agricultural and forestry production systems-called agroforestry-was developed by humans under the influence of biophysical and social conditions which often result in heterogeneous landscape. The so-called kebun campuran (mixed gardens) is one of the agroforestry forms that can be encountered in the humid tropics of Indonesia. However, socio-ecological information of this man-made vegetation and its multidimensional functions in particular environmental settings like karst is still limited. This paper aims to elucidate socio-ecological dimensions of kebun campuran in karst ecosystem in Pangandaran District, West Java, Indonesia. A vegetation survey was carried out to reveal the bio-ecological dimensions of kebun campuran complemented with socio-economic questionnaires. The results show that kebun campuran played an important role for the owners as the majority of them gained economic benefits from this agroforest. More than 50% of the owners had their main income from kebun campuran, therefore, kebun campuran was considered a valuable family asset. Kebun campuran ownership put the owner in a higher social status, despite the fact that 80.9% of them had only elementary education background. Correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant correlation between the areas of kebun campuran, rice-field, and homegarden ownership. The analysis also indicated that the economic value of kebun campuran derived from its products increased as its area became larger. There were diverse products like timber, fruits, fuelwood and forages extracted from kebun campuran. Among economically important species were Albizia chinensis (silk tree), Cocos nucifera (coconuts), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Musa paradisiaca (banana). Despite its beneficial value, kebun campuran was not intensively managed. On the other hand, the structural vegetation pattern of kebun campuran was the result of various practices carried out by the owners through the processes of introduction, domestication, and selection of plant species. Maintaining kebun campuran in the coastal landscape of Pangandaran might ensure the future of karst ecosystem in this southern coastal area of West Java.

Solos Em Carste Tropical, Desenvolvimento Pedogenético E Comportamento Hidrológico: Uma Revisão Teórica.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo reunir informações sobre comportamento pedogenético e hidrológico em áreas de rochas carbonáticas de clima tropical. A execução desta pesquisa foi embasada em artigos científicos indexados, nacionais e internacionais, como também em livros, teses e dissertações relevantes para o tema proposto. O solo é um sistema multifásico, e os seus aspectos morfológicos e constitucionais atuam facilitando ou dificultando a permeabilidade da água, assim cada horizonte pedológico funciona como um mecanismo em um mesmo perfil de solo. Os fatores físicos/químicos da água também atuarão contribuindo para a classificação dos grupos hidrológicos de solo. No Brasil, a Embrapa realizou classificações dos horizontes diagnósticos, dos grupos hidrológicos e dos tipos de solos, baseada em autores internacionais, adaptadas às condições tropicais. Mas as áreas cársticas, que representam um percentual de 20% da superfície terrestre, podem apresentar condições particulares para a formação de solo e para o comportamento hidrológico, podendo incluir zonas locais de alta permeabilidade, fuga de água subterrânea e eliminação de resíduos insatisfatórios. Solos de ambientes cársticos são mal desenvolvidos, apresentam argilas avermelhadas de baixa atividade normalmente. No Brasil os estudos deste tipo de ambiente são escassos, mas alguns trabalhos desenvolvidos em áreas cársticas trazem algumas informações básicas sobre os solos. As pesquisas encontradas que trouxeram informações dos solos em carstes, foram plotadas no mapa brasileiro. A pesquisa demonstrou que há um gap de informações para o desenvolvimento pedológico em áreas cársticas, mas é possível fazer associações entre estas classes de solo a outros ambientes, incluindo o comportamento hidrológico.Soils In Tropical Karst, Pedogenetic Development And Hydrological Behavior: A Theoretical Review A B S T R A C TThis work aimed to gather information on pedogenetic and hydrological behavior in carbonate rock areas of tropical climate. The execution of this research was based on indexed scientific articles, national and international, as well as on books, theses and dissertations relevant to the proposed theme. The soil is a multiphase system, and its morphological and constitutional aspects act to facilitate or hinder water permeability, so each pedological horizon works as a mechanism in the same soil profile. The physical / chemical factors of the water will also act contributing to the classification of soil hydrological groups. In Brazil, Embrapa carried out classifications of diagnostic horizons, hydrological groups and soil types, based on international authors, adapted to tropical conditions. However, karst areas, which represent a percentage of 20% of the earth's surface, may present particular conditions for soil formation and hydrological behavior, and may include local areas of high permeability, groundwater leakage and unsatisfactory waste disposal. Soils in karst environments are poorly developed, with reddish clays of low activity normally. In Brazil, studies of this type of environment are scarce, but some studies carried out in karst areas bring some basic information about the soils. The researchers found that brought information on soils in carstes, were plotted on the Brazilian map. Research has shown that there is an information gap for pedological development in karst areas, but it is possible to make associations between these soil classes and other environments, including hydrological behavior.Keywords: Soil Hydrological Groups; Tropical Soil; Karst.