Investigation of Beta-Lactam and Tetracycline Group Antibiotic Residues in Bovine Liver, Kidney and Muscle Tissue

In this study, beta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic residues were investigated in cattle liver, kidney and muscle samples. For this purpose, a total of 75 bovine tissue samples (each of 25 from liver, kidney, muscle) taken from 25 cattle slaughtered in a local slaughterhouse in Sivas were used as materials. ELISA method was applied in the analysis and it was studied with commercial test kits. According to the results of the analysis; beta-lactam and tetracycline residues were detected in all bovine tissue samples. Beta-lactam level was determined between 0.75-1.07 ppb (mean 0.94 ± 0.01) in liver samples, 0.67-1.05 ppb (mean 0.81 ± 0.01) in kidney samples and 0.70-2.57 ppb (mean 0.97 ± 0.07) in muscle samples. Tetracycline level was detected in the range of 4.48-8.50 ppb (mean 6.14 ± 0.17) in liver samples, 1.73-6.39 ppb (mean 4.90 ± 0.24) in kidney samples and 3.31-7.45 ppb (mean 5.67 ± 0.25) in muscle samples. The residue levels determined in the examples complied with the legal limits reported in the European Commission and the Turkish Food Codex Communiqué.

Efficacy of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones for the treatment of macrolide-refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common pathogen that causes community-acquired pneumonia in school-age children. Macrolides are considered a first-line treatment for M. pneumoniae infection in children, but macrolide-refractory M. pneumoniae (MRMP) strains have become more common. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in MRMP treatment in children through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Two reviewers individually searched 10 electronic databases (Medline/Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and core Korean, Chinese, and Japanese journals) for papers published from January 1, 1990 to March 8, 2018. The following data for each treatment group were extracted from the selected studies: intervention (tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones/comparator), patient characteristics (age and sex), and outcomes (fever duration, hospital stay length, treatment success rate, and defervescence rates 24, 48, and 72 h after starting treatment). Results Eight studies involving 537 participants were included. Fever duration and hospital stay length were shorter in the tetracycline group than in the macrolide group (weighted mean difference [WMD] = − 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: − 2.55 to − 0.36, P = 0.009; and WMD = − 3.33, 95% CI: − 4.32 to − 2.35, P < 0.00001, respectively). The therapeutic efficacy was significantly higher in the tetracycline group than in the macrolide group (odds ratio [OR]: 8.80, 95% CI: 3.12–24.82). With regard to defervescence rate, patients in the tetracycline group showed significant improvement compared to those in the macrolide group (defervescence rate after 24 h, OR: 5.34, 95% CI: 1.81–15.75; after 48 h, OR 18.37, 95% CI: 8.87–38.03; and after 72 h, OR: 40.77, 95% CI: 6.15–270.12). There were no differences in fever improvement within 24 h in patients in the fluoroquinolone group compared to those in the macrolide group (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.25–5.00), although the defervescence rate was higher after 48 h in the fluoroquinolone group (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.41–5.51). Conclusion Tetracyclines may shorten fever duration and hospital stay length in patients with MRMP infection. Fluoroquinolones may achieve defervescence within 48 h in patients with MRMP infection. However, these results should be carefully interpreted as only a small number of studies were included, and they were heterogeneous.

MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF Klebsiella pneumoniae IN CATS IN BOGOR, INDONESIA

This study aims to measure the level of antibiotic resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical cats in Bogor. Samples were isolated and identified macroscopically, microscopically, and biochemically. Positive isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from sputum and laryngeal swabs of clinic cats in Bogor had experienced Multidrug Resistance (MDR). The highest level of resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae occurred in the β-lactam group (amphicillin 76%) followed by the tetracycline group (oxytetracycline 72% and tetracycline 68%), then the quinolone group (enrofloxacin 52%), and finally the aminoglycoside group (gentamicin 44%). The results of this study are expected to be taken into consideration in the use of antibiotics for the treatment of cases related to the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.

Definition of efficiency therapeutic and preventive measures against infectious diseases of bees when installing in a nest of bees frames contaminated with american foul brood pathogen (Bacillus larvae)

European Union law requires the destruction of all infected hives and equipment. In the United States, many state apiary inspectors require that a diseased AFB hive be completely burned. Spores can persist for up to 40 years and are difficult to destroy. A less radical method of curbing the spread of the disease is to burn only the frames and ridges (honeycomb tongues), as well as careful flame heating of the inner part of the hive body, bottom, hive flaps and lids. Immersion of parts of the hive in hot paraffin or 3% sodium hypochlorite solution (bleach) also makes AFB spores harmless. It is also possible to sterilize an infected hive without damaging either the structure of the hive or the supplies of honey and pollen it contains, by prolonged exposure to an atmosphere of ethylene oxide, both in a closed chamber and in hospitals when sterilizing equipment. which do not withstand steam sterilization. Pathogens are sensitive to many antibiotics of the tetracycline group, streptomycin, erythromycin, and other sulfonamide drugs (except M. plutonius), nitrofurans, and others. Antibiotics in the case of unstable strains of the pathogen can prevent the vegetative state of bacteria. Drug treatment to prevent successful germination and reproduction of American rot spores is possible using oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin). Nowadays, antibiotic therapy is quite effective in use, but at the same time they are banned in the beekeeping industry, so antibiotic residues can be found in bee products, which in turn can be harmful to human health. Therefore, we have developed the drug "Apichels", which in previous studies has proven itself in the use against varroasis of bees in the spring. This drug has proven to be not only effective in use, but also quite carefree for both bees and humans, this is the basis of our previous research on the toxicity of bee products during the use of the drug, due to the components of its composition. All components are of plant origin, which is not included in the components that are prohibited and harmful to bees and humans. Thus, we decided to test this tool for effectiveness in preventive methods against American bee rot.

Processing of experimental data for the separation of chromatographic signals of tetracycline group antibiotics by mathematical modeling

Antibiotics belonging to the classes of sulfonamides, amphenicols and tetracyclines, such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, are used to control infectious diseases of honeybees. In addition, tetracycline group antibiotics can be added directly to plants during flowering. Contamination of the flower with high concentrations of antibiotics entails the risk of transferring antibiotic residues to honey. Consequently, these antibiotics persist as contaminants in honey, and the determination of these drugs in honey samples is of great importance. Tetracyclines have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The basic structure of tetracyclines consists of a hydro-naphthacene framework containing four rings. Due to their possible toxic or allergic reactions and the possibility that pathogens may become resistant to these drugs, much attention has recently been paid to tetracyclines. For the detection of residual quantities of antibiotics in food products increasingly requires reliable analytical methods. The main method for determining tetracycline group antibiotics is the method of high-performance liquid chromatography, but the micro-quantities of their residual concentration and unsatisfactory chromatographic conditions, under which peaks may overlap, as well as insufficient sample preparation conditions, under which matrix components may overlap, make quantitative calculations difficult when using this method. This article describes a method for calculating the initial value of intesiveness and peak width using mathematical modeling. Based on the analysis of real chromatographic data, the applicability of this method for the quantitative determination of tetracycline group antibiotics is shown.

Occurrence and concentrations of residues of tetracyclines, polyether ionophores and anthelmintics in livers of chickens sold in the informal market in Gauteng province, South Africa

The occurrence, concentrations and variables associated with tetracycline, polyether ionophore and anthelmintic residues in the livers of chickens sold in the informal market in South Africa were determined. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to simultaneously analyze for four tetracyclines, five polyether ionophores and six anthelmintic residues. The study determined the presence of residues in liver samples at both the limit of quantifications (LoQ) and concentrations over the maximum residue limit (MRLs), i.e. non-compliant. Doxycycline (tetracycline group) was detected in 24.5% (24/98) of chicken livers and 15.3% (15/98) were non-compliant. The mean±SD concentration of 919.04±1081.30 (LoQ) and 1410.57±108.89 ppb (MRL) were obtained. Maduramycin was detected in 27.6% (27/98) of chicken livers and 19.4% (19/98) were non-compliant. The mean±SD for LoQ was 117.96±84.56 and MRL was 153.21±76.29 ppb. The concentrations of residues of doxycycline and maduramycin in chicken livers varied significantly across townships. Lasalocid was quantified in 31.6% (31/98) of the samples, of which 5.1% (5/98) contained concentrations above the MRL. The mean±SD concentrations of Lasalocid was 62.90±170.84 for samples in which Lasalocid was quantified and 310.16±356.68 ppb for non-compliant samples. The frequencies of chicken livers that contained detectable concentrations of the three anthelmintic residues were 3.1% (3/98), 1.0% (1/48) and 2.0% (2/98) for praziquantel, closantel and rafoxanide, respectively. The presence of three classes of veterinary drugs residues in chicken liver poses food safety implications to consumers and indicates a need for enhanced regulatory enforcement in controlling these drugs in South Africa.

Medium-term influence of tetracyclines on total and specific microbial biomass in cultivated soils of Galicia (NW Spain)

This work examines the results of a soil incubation experiment in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of humidity and temperature. The purpose was to determine the medium-term influence of the presence of antibiotics on the total and specific microbial biomass, determined by means of the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis (total microbial biomass, and specific fungal, bacterial, actinobacterial, Gram-negative bacterial and Gram-positive bacterial biomass), as well as the relationship between some of these groups (fungal biomass/bacterial biomass, Gram-negative-bacterial /Gram-positive bacterial). The experiment was performed with four different cultivated soils with a similar pH but different organic matter (OM) content, to which eight doses of three antibiotics of the tetracycline group (tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline) were added. Microbial biomass measurements (total and specific groups) were performed after 42 days of incubation. As expected, the total and specific microbial biomass values were different in the four soils studied. Both the total and the specific microbial biomass showed a similar response to the presence of antibiotics, although in several cases the data were inconsistent and difficult to interpret. In general, in all soils the addition of chlorotetracycline and tetracycline slightly modified or increased, to a greater or lesser extent, the values of both total and specific microbial biomass, particularly at higher doses. However, in certain cases, biomass values decreased due to the addition of the highest dose of oxytetracycline. With regard to fungal/bacterial and Gram^-bacteria/Gram⁺ bacterial biomass ratios, values slightly changed after the addition of the antibiotics.

1586. A Comparative Analysis of In Vitro Susceptibilities of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Against Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tigecycline, Eravacycline and Omadacycline

Background Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are nosocomial pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality especially among patients with chronic medical conditions, critical illness and prolonged hospitalizations. Majority of human infections are caused by two species— E. faecium and E. faecalis, and which can acquire resistance to ampicillin, aminoglycosides, and vancomycin. Our aim was to study the susceptibility profile of the VRE strains to the tetracycline group of antibiotics on isolates collected from our local hospital. Older tetracyclines and their novel derivatives are included in this study. Methods Eighty preserved isolates of VRE were tested against five tetracyclines, i.e. doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline, eravacycline and omadacycline. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the E-test method in accordance to CLSI guidelines. Isolates were then classified as either susceptible, intermediately susceptible or resistant based on established breakpoints. Results Eighty isolates (54 VRE. faecium and 26 VRE. faecalis) were included in the study. Out of 54 E. faecium isolates, 52 (96.3%) were susceptible to tigecycline, 15 (27.8%) were susceptible to minocycline, 14 (25.9%) were susceptible to doxycycline, 42 (77.8 %) were susceptible to omadacycline, and 52 (96.3%) were susceptible to eravacycline. Out of 26 E. faecalis isolates, 26 (100%) were susceptible to tigecycline, 2 (7.6%) were susceptible to minocycline, 2 (7.6%) were susceptible to doxycycline, 2 (7.6%) were susceptible to omadacycline, and 25 (96.15%) were susceptible to eravacycline. Conclusion Tigecycline and eravacycline exhibited better in vitro antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis when compared to doxycycline and minocycline. Omadacycline showed a relatively favorable susceptibility profile for E. faecium, but less favorable for E. faecalis. Results of this study will be useful to incorporate in the local antibiogram and will guide antimicrobial stewardship efforts. These findings will not only add to existing knowledge on susceptibility profiles of the novel tetracyclines, i.e. eravacycline and omadacycline, but also on their applicability in the clinical setting. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Determination of macroline and tetracyclines group in water by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

Antibiotics are contaminants at low concentrations and found in water with the range of ng/L. Determination of antibiotics at trace concentrations requires modern and high accuracy equipment. Liquid chromatography mass tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) able to determine contaminants at ppt and ppb levels, which is suitable for quantification of the macrolide and tetracycline group in water. The Analytical method using Agilent Triple Quard 6460 LC-MS/MS system with positive ion mode. Agilent XDB C18 column (1.8 &micro;m &times; 2.1 &times; 100 mm) and Agilent Eclipse SDB C18 pre-column (2.1 &times; 5 mm &times; 1.8 &micro;m) were used. Mobile phase was acetonitrile and HCOOH 0.1%. Samples were cleaned with Oasis PRiME HLB 3cc SPE column (150 mg). The method was evaluated based on specificity, recovery, repeatability and estimation of the uncertainty. The method detection limit (MDL) for the analytes is 0.03 &micro;g/L. Recovery ranges from 85.23 -117.70%; repeatability (RSDr) is between 2.20% and 12.45%.