Turbulent pattern in the 1,4-cyclohexanedione Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

Chemical turbulence was observed experimentally in the 1,4-cyclohexanedione Belousov–Zhabotinsky (CHD-BZ) reaction. Turbulence is characterized by a two-dimensional Fourier transform. Mechanism of the onset of the turbulence is proposed.

Cancer: A Turbulence Problem

Cancers are complex, adaptive ecosystems. They remain the leading cause of disease-related death among children in North America. As we approach computational oncology and Deep Learning Healthcare, our mathematical models of cancer dynamics must be revised. Recent findings support the perspective that cancer-microenvironment interactions consist of turbulent flows. As such, cancer pattern formation, protein-folding and metastatic invasion are discussed herein as processes driven by chemical turbulence within the framework of complex systems theory. Current state-of-the-art quantitative approaches used in reconstructing cancer stem cell networks are reviewed. To conclude, cancer stem cells are presented as strange attractors of the Waddington landscape.