Empirical Evaluation and Prediction of Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of 18–24 Months Old Thai Swamp Buffaloes

In some geographical areas and in certain breeding situations, the interpretation of increased gain in the bovine is difficult to investigate. Due to their inherent genetic variations, their energy and protein needs vary as a function of inherent genetic differences, making these requirements difficult to accurately assess in bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. The study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, by the provision of an abundant energy intake of 2.2 Mcal/kg DM for the maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes using a comparative prolonged feeding trial for 90 days. Sixteen bull Thai swamp buffaloes at the initial (Age: 18–24 months; BW: 233 ± 25.0 kg) were assigned into four treatment groups, four buffaloes each, fed 5.4, 6.6, 8.5, and 10.5% DM crude protein (CP). CP intake, BW, and physiological fluid were determined. The net CP requirements for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes were 5.41 g CP/kg W0.75 and 0.46 g CP/g average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Our results indicated that CP requirement increases when the BW increases. An increased dietary CP resulted in increased amounts of blood urine nitrogen (N), N absorption, total volatile fatty acid, urinary purine derivative, and the microbial N. Notably, the net CP requirement for growth of Thai swamp buffalo was higher than it reported in NRC, but the maintenance was lower.

Empirical Evaluation and Prediction of Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of 18-24 Months old Thai Swamp Buffaloes

Interpretation of increased gain in the bovine animals is difficult to be validated due to inherent genetic variation to meet their requirement for energy and protein, and those may relate to the bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. Therein, the study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, with providing abundant energy intake 2.20 Mcal/kg DM for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes using the comparative prolonged feeding trial for 90 days. Sixteen bull Thai swamp buffaloes at the initial (Age: 18-24 months; BW: 233 ± 25.0 kg) were as-signed into four treatment groups, four buffaloes each, fed 5.42, 6.96, 8.94, and 10.71% DM crude protein (CP). CP intake, BW, and physiological fluid were determined. The net CP requirements for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes were 5.41 g CP/kg W0.75 and 0.46 g CP/g average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Our results indicated that CP requirement increases, when BW increases. An increased dietary CP resulted in an increased number at blood urine nitrogen (N), N absorption, total volatile fatty acid, urinary purine derivative, and the microbial N. Notably, the net CP requirement for growth of Thai swamp buffalo was higher than it reported in NRC, but the maintenance was lower.

INCLUSION RATE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PROLONGED FEEDING OF COCOA BEAN CAKE ON LAYERS

The effect of inclusion of cocoa bean cake (CBC) on productive performance and physiological response of Isa Brown pullets to prolonged feeding of CBC were investigated. Dietary inclusion of CBC (0, 50, 100 and 200g kg-1 diet) were monitored in typical poultry diet from day old to 51 weeks of age. Sexual maturity and attained of 50% hen-day production were delayed with increasing level of CBC. Egg quality indices were higher (P < 0.05) at 200g kg-1 CBC diet but with reduced (P < 0.05) shell thickness. CBC had no significant influence on yolk or whole egg cholesterol, follicular weight and number. Layers on 0 and 50 kg-1 CBC diets had higher (P < 0.05) percentage of yellow follicles but lower white follicles. Liver and pancreatic hypertrophy were observed for CBC-fed layers but with reduced (P < 0.05) abdominal fat and oviduct length. The long term feeding of CBC at level more than 50g kg-1 diet progressively had a deteriorating effect on laying performance and follicular development.

About castration in osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is mainly reduced to changes in the bones - they lose their mineral substances and along with this, abrupt changes occur in the organic structure of bones and in the bone marrow - and the bone and bone marrow soften. Along with this, degenerative changes occur in the muscular system. The clinical picture is first expressed by pain in different parts of the skeleton, early fatigue, increased reflexes; then, with strong development, bone curvature, persistent catarrh of the respiratory and digestive tract; patients die with symptoms of insanity. The disease lasts from 1 to 10 years and affects mainly women who have already given birth. Neither poverty nor prolonged feeding seems to matter.

Garlic (Allium Sativum) Supplementation Improves Respiratory Health but Has Increased Risk of Lower Hematologic Values in Horses

Garlic (Allium sativum) is claimed to have numerous beneficial properties to the health of humans and animals. It is commonly used for example to treat respiratory diseases and infections in horses’ lungs. However, in addition to its possible positive influences, garlic may also have adverse health effects. The hypotheses of this study were that garlic supplementation may help to clear mucus in the airways, but also causes declining hematologic values in prolonged feeding. To our knowledge, this is the first organized study in controlled conditions to show the health effects of garlic supplementation for horses so far. The results show that long-term supplementation of dried garlic on the level of 32 mg/kg BW seemed to reduce the amount of tracheal symptoms and accumulation of tracheal exudates. Additionally, the number of neutrophil cells in the tracheal mucus was numerically smaller in the garlic supplemented horses. However, the garlic supplemented horses showed slightly declining Hb, HcT and RBC values during an 83-day study period. Consequently, it is possible that even low garlic supplementation levels can be detrimental to the horse’s hematology when the supplementation period is long.

Feeding-Induced Cortisol Response in Newborn Infants

Context Understanding the biological rhythms and stress response in sick newborns is important to minimize the negative effects of intensive care. Salivary cortisol has been used as a noninvasive surrogate marker of adrenal function; however, understanding of its control variables is insufficient. Objective To investigate the presence of feeding-induced cortisol response and its control variables in newborns. Design, Setting, and Patients Fifty-three newborn infants, who were between 30 and 40 weeks’ corrected age and were on 3-hourly regular oral/enteral feeding, were recruited between January 2013 and June 2014. Main Outcome Measure Saliva samples were collected before and 1 hour after regular feeding. Dependence of cortisol levels (adjusted for postnatal age) and their feeding-related elevation on clinical variables was assessed by using generalized estimating equations. Results Higher cortisol levels were associated with corrected age ≥37 weeks and saliva samples collected after feeding (both P &lt; 0.001). Oral feeding was associated with a greater feeding-induced cortisol response compared with exclusive enteral feeding (P = 0.034), whereas a prolonged feeding duration (≥30 minutes) was associated with a reduced cortisol response compared with brief feeding (&lt;30 minutes) (P &lt; 0.001). Gestational age, corrected age, antenatal/postnatal glucocorticoids, type of milk, and daily feeding volume had no effect on cortisol response. Conclusions Feeding-induced cortisol response was observed in newborns. The cortisol response was more prominent following oral feeding and was reduced with prolonged feeding. Future studies may investigate whether feeding-induced cortisol response plays a role in the acquisition of adrenal ultradian and diurnal rhythms.