Туркмены в контексте региональной внешней политики в Центральной Азии первой половины XIX в.

Introduction. The article examines the politics of Persia, the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Khiva Khanate in their relations with Turkmens in the west of the Central Asian region, with special attention given to the dynamics of Russian and Persian interaction on the issue of Turkmen’s territories in the first half of the 19th c. At the time, Turkmens, lacking any central organization, were a multitude of related and opposing clans, each of which strove to preserve its traditional way of life; their actions were concerted only during the periods of Persian aggression. The present article aims at studying the Turkmens’ history of the period in the context of their struggle for independence against regional and world powers. Materials and methods. The research is based on a great variety of Iranian, Russian, and English sources, shedding light on their diplomatic activities in the region and the role of Turkmen clans. Thus, the material is examined, with a focus on the role of Turkmens in Russian and Iranian relations; this innovative approach is intended to fill in the existing gap in the research. Several methods employed in the study were as follows: criticism and analysis of written sources, analysis of phenomena and summing up of the results obtained, induction and deduction; these facilitated an understanding of the general international context in the Transcaspian subregion of Central Asia and of the Turkmens’ part in the regional geopolitics. Notably, Turkmens are not viewed purely in ethnocultural terms, but rather as an object and subject of the Great Game in the East because, undoubtedly, they took efforts to influence the course of geopolitics in the region. Conclusion. Actively resisting their traditional enemies ― Persians and Khivans ― and maneuvering between the leading powers in the struggle for their independence, the Turkmen clans became participants in the Great Game in Central Asia.

The Retinue and the Ship - An Archaeo-sociological Study of Scandinavia at the Turn of the East Millennium and the Following Centuries

This paper argues that the ledungen organization, known from medieval provincial laws in Scandinavia, was an attempt to introduce and/or enhance central influence on local and regional administration. Ledungen was organized as a royal seaborne retinue, and used the idea of the ship and the ship's crew to establish a territorial division with the ultimate purpose of taxation. Individual farms were assigned to ship's teams. with the right and duty to serve the king. A prerequisite for the outcome of this system was the existence of similar structures, and it is assumed that the ledungen was intended to replace older, privately controlled warparties. By way of referring to naval expeditions, led by himself, the king sought to (1) transmit incomes from landowners to the crown, (2) monopolize the use of force, and (3) explain and legitimize central organization.

Queuing Scheme with Feedback Service and Discretionary Administration

This article take a gander at a bunch area single server channel Queuing system, where the server gives two sorts of organizations viz., beginning one a central organization and the optional organization is permitted as a second organization. In case in need, the customer settle on the optional organization .We other than anticipate that after the execution of the second time of affiliation, if the structure is unfilled, the server takes a required get-away of general dissemination. Organization thwarts in the midst of principal organization at random. Additionally if the customer isn't satisfied with the primary central organization, an info advantage for the proportionate is given to make a worthy space for the customers in the system. For the above delineated covering issue, the supplementary variable technique and generating function approach are used to derive the probability generating function of the queue size and the average length of the queue.

The Blood of These Children… Runs through Our Veins

Chapter 4 begins with Teté Casuso in the aftermath of her husband’s death in Spain, when she founded Havana’s Asociación de Auxilio al Niño del Pueblo Español (Association of Aid to the Child of the Spanish People, or AANPE), the central organization of the Cuban campaign to assist Republican children during the conflict. Composed of children, women, and men from all over the island and Cuban communities abroad, the AANPE was part of the international campaign to aid Republican children but was nonetheless unmistakably Cuban. One of its most powerful organizing mechanisms was the argument that the blood of Spanish children ran through Cuban veins. Fostering this sense of familial and cultural solidarity and billing itself as a nonpartisan charity served the association well for much of the war, helping it to achieve impressive successes in collecting aid. That its pro-Republican stance was deemphasized indicates mobilization of a subtle solidarity, in which the cause was obscured to garner broader popular support.

Investigation of Emotional Labor and Life Satisfaction Levels of Staff in Central Organization of General Directorate of Sports Services

Present study aims to investigate the emotional labor and life satisfaction levels of staff in the central organization of General Directorate of Sport Services. The population of the study consists of staff in the central organization of General Directorate of Sport Services. The sample is consisted of 276 staff determined by random sampling method. As data collection tool; to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants, a four-item ''Personal Information Form'' as well as a nine- item ''Emotional Labor Scale'' developed by Brotheridge and Lee (2003) and adapted to Turkish by Dursun et al. (2014) and ''Life Satisfaction Scale'' developed by Diener et al. (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Bekmezci and Mert (2013) were utilized in the study. In the analysis of the data, frequency, percentage (%) and median values were used. Kruskal Wallis test was used for normal distribution of data and Mann Whitney U in test non-parametric tests was used according to the results gathered. The significance level was taken as p<0,05. When the findings obtained from the study were evaluated, life satisfaction levels of GDSS staff were at medium level. At the same time, there was a significant difference in education level and working time in the profession “in the sub-dimension of hidden emotions of emotional labor dimension of staff in GDSS. Activities such as various social activities can be organized by the Institution to improve the belonging of employees and to increase the levels of emotional labor and life satisfaction.