Orange & Teal

‘Orange & Teal’ has become the preferred ‘look’ of the Hollywood movie industry. Is this craze just another arbitrary fashion? Possibly not, because ‒ apart from the name ‒ this palette has been around for ages in the visual arts. It is variously known as ‘painting in cool and warm,’ drawing a trois croyons, use of a ‘limited palette,’ and so forth. This leaves open the question of whether there might be one or more fundamental reasons for the preference for this particular dichromatic pair. Why not yellow–blue, red–turquoise, or green–purple? Reasons might be sought in human anatomy/physiology, physics of surface scattering, or the ecology of the human Umwelt. An in-depth analysis reveals that all these factors cooperate to render the orange & teal complementary palette indeed special. It involves world, body and mind and has to be understood in a proper semiotical (biological) setting.

Good Faith and the Exercise of Treaty-based Discretionary Powers

This chapter addresses the significance of the requirement of good faith laid down in common Article 26 of the 1969 and 1986 Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties. Whereas colleagues have repeatedly stressed the foundational value of the concept of good faith in the law of treaties, much remains to be said about its particular legal consequences. Commenting upon the significance of good faith generally, international lawyers typically emphasize the importance of rationality and reason for the application of international law: when you hold an international right, or owe an international obligation, you are required to act in a reasonable and non-arbitrary fashion. As this chapter will rather put it, good faith stands for the idea of international law as a purposive endeavour. So interpreted, not only does good faith form, implicitly, a part of every treaty in force, but it also provides an exception to any treaty rule that confers a discretionary power, whether on a state, on an international court or tribunal, or an organ of an international organization. This chapter explores the further implications of this idea for the application of treaties generally and for the concept of international law.

A modular formal semantics for Ptolemy

Ptolemy‡ is an open-source and extensible modelling and simulation framework. It offers heterogeneous modeling capabilities by allowing different models of computation, both untimed and timed, to be composed hierarchically in an arbitrary fashion. This paper proposes a formal semantics for Ptolemy that is modular in the sense that atomic actors and their compositions are treated in a unified way. In particular, all actors conform to an executable interface that contains four functions: fire (produce outputs given current state and inputs); postfire (update state instantaneously); deadline (how much time the actor is willing to let elapse); and time-update (update the state with the passage of time). Composite actors are obtained using composition operators that in Ptolemy are called directors. Different directors realise different models of computation. In this paper, we formally define the directors for the following models of computation: synchronous- reactive, discrete event, continuous time, process networks and modal models.

Introduction

Each house will now be reviewed separately, as an independent living unit of the last period. This entails, first, giving a brief description (for fuller details of the structural techniques, features, and measurements, reference can be made to the gazetteer, Appendix A). Attention will be paid to the internal functioning of the house, in so far as this can be determined from formal features (Wallace-Hadrill in his article on the social structure of the Roman house makes it clear how flexible the functioning of the house must have been in practice and how difficult it is to reach firm conclusions), to the evidence for the existence and arrangement of upper storeys, to the disposition of the roofs, and to what we know about owners or occupiers and their activities. As stated in the Introduction, further approaches to some of these questions, notably regarding room functions and the occupations of owners, will emerge from the studies of decorations and finds in Volumes II and III. Many questions will, inevitably remain unanswered. Without full excavation of cisterns and drains, for example, it is impossible to be certain about all details of water provision and disposal. The roof reconstructions, in particular, have to remain hypothetical. Although some of the restoration undertaken at the time of excavation is clearly based upon evidence visible to the excavators, it is probable that other parts were restored in a more arbitrary fashion (see p. 12 n. 13). In any case, the bulk of the insula was not reroofed at all, and much of the potential evidence, even if it was available in 1927-32, is now irrevocably lost. The reconstructions proposed, which are gathered together in visual form in Figs. 55-8, exploit such clues as still remain, but are otherwise based on such doubtful criteria as ‘probability and logic’. But the insula, as we shall see, is a palimpsest of frequent piecemeal changes, and it would be unreasonable to expect that the roof arrangements represent anything other than a series of constant compromises producing solutions which are neither ‘probable’ nor logical’.

Nonlinear pulsational behaviour of BW Vulpeculae

BW Vulpeculae is a large amplitude β Cephei-type star, pulsating with a single period of 0.20104 day. Its nonlinear modeling was first attempted by Pesnell & Cox (1980). Because the true instability mechanism was not known then, the pulsation amplitude was imposed in that study in an arbitrary fashion.

Turbulent Free Convection Heat Transfer to Drag-Reducing Fluids From Arbitrary Geometric Configurations

The problem of turbulent free convection heat transfer from curved surfaces to drag-reducing fluids has been investigated using the Nakayama-Koyama solution methodology. The surface wall temperature is allowed to vary in the streamwise direction in an arbitrary fashion and calculations are carried out for the turbulent free convection about the horizontal circular cylinder and the sphere for the sake of illustration.

The Role of Jesus' Opponents in the Markan Drama

Discussions on the possibility that Mark's Gospel may have been modelled, either consciously or subconsciously, on Greek tragic drama have gathered momentum in recent years. It has also been shown that a most important feature of Greek tragedy is the repetitive device of ‘foreshadowing’, a technique which has rightly been seen as essential to the development of mnemonic structures in oral epic. The use of this device in the Bible, it may be argued, is no less pronounced than in Greek drama. C. H. Lohr, in particular, has argued strongly for the presence of foreshadowing in Matthew's Gospel, and it is our purpose here to enquire whether the writer of the Second Gospel, too, was aware of this dramatic device. Matthew achieved the desired effect by means of dream episodes (Matt 1. 20; 2. 12, 13, 19, 22; 27. 19) and the repetition of divine names, especially ‘Son of David’, at strategic points (Matt 9. 27; 12. 23; 15. 22; 20. 30, 31; 22. 43). There are certainly no dream narratives in Mark's Gospel, and even the references to divine titles may seem to have been arranged in a somewhat arbitrary fashion at first glance. On the other hand, it can hardly be denied that we find in Mark's vivid account an inexorable drift towards death: the inevitable shadow of the cross falls across the text even as early as Mark 2. 20 – the disciples may not fast until ‘that day’ when the bridegroom is taken from them. And there is the hint of opposition to Jesus even prior to that! There is little doubt in my mind that Mark was keenly aware of the effective use to which the device of foreshadowing could be put, but his technique differs from that which Lohr has ascribed to Matthew. In true tragic style he wants to emphasise the inevitability of the cross as the omega point of Jesus' destiny, and to do that he uses not dreams or prophecies, but actors who engage Jesus in controversy or conflict at strategic points within the gospel story. It matters to Mark who these actors are, what role they play, and precisely when and where they make their entrances on stage. We shall thus be concerned to show, in the remainder of this paper, how the Evangelist treats the various groups of Jewish opponents as a literary device for foreshadowing Jesus' crucifixion.

An Artificial Intelligence System for XRF Data on a Personal Computer

SummaryAutomation of X-ray fluorescence equipment has proliferated during the last 10 years. However, the focus has been on data collection and data massage. Data presentation has been limited to a few rudimentary formats. These formats ‘ generally involve printing the results in some arbitrary fashion, followed by manual transfer to the client.This paper describes a system (using rudimentary artificial intelligence techniques) that automates data presentation. It handles data from 14 different methods; evaluates the data against the requirements of the method (i.e. mass balance, detection and reporting limits, and matrix interferences). Further, a data report is generated in a consistent format, including the reporting of significant figures. Additionally, an exception report is printed when the measured results are outside the applicable range of the method or violate quality assurance constraints. In such cases, alternative methods are recommended in the exception report.

On supervaluations in free logic

The concepts “classical valuation” and “supervaluation” were introduced by van Fraassen around 1966, to provide a semantic analysis of the then extant axiomatic systems of free logic. Consider an atomic sentenceand a “partial” model which fails to interpret c. Then (1) has no truth value in , nor doesWhile the valuelessness of (1) was found intuitively acceptable, that of (2) was not. Indeed, (2) and all other tautologies are theorems of free logic.Van Fraassen found a way to accommodate both intuitions. He interprets the unproblematic atomic sentences as usual, while “interpreting” those like (1) by simply assigning them a truth-value in arbitrary fashion. Then a truth-value for every sentence can be defined in the usual way; the result van Fraassen calls a “classical valuation” of the language. The arbitrary element in any given classical valuation is then eliminated by passage to the “supervaluation” over , which agrees with the classical valuations where they agree among themselves, and otherwise is undefined. In the supervaluation over , (1) is valueless but (2) true (since true on all classical valuations), as was required.There is a slight, but crucial oversimplification in the preceding account. Evaluation of the sentencerequires prior evaluation of the open formulaBut here mere assignment of truth-value is not enough; a whole set must be arbitrarily assigned as extension. The quantification over classical valuations involved in passage to the supervaluation thus involves an implicit quantification over subsets of the domain of : supervaluations are second order.