Axillary crystallizing galactocele masqueradingmalignancy:A rare case report andreview of literature

Galactocele are the most common benign lesion in lactating breast, whereas crystallizing galactocele are the rare variant. Axillary crystallizing galactocele are extremely rare to see , most commonly occur due to wrong breastfeeding technique. FNAC smear shows variety of crystals along with cysteine like crystals in a background of granular amorphous material or lipid micelles.

Nucleated Cell Death by a Single Hole Generated by C5b-9

Cell death is essential for tissue regeneration and removal of pathogenic cells. Immunological cell death is caused by membrane attack complex (MAC) or bacterial perforins. A complete understanding of nucleated cell death or bacterial cell death by MAC is essential for therapeutic interventions. The mechanism of MAC mediated cell death in nucleated cell is controversial. We know show that MAC causes cell death in nucleated cells by creating a large single hole in the membrane. Our results are contrary to the current paradigm that states “MAC kills nucleated cell by multiple hits”. MAC deposition on the cell membrane also trigger clustering of membrane rafts, which will have relevant consequences for enhanced cell signaling.Significance StatementProteins of late complement pathway that form membrane attack complex, cause death of undesirable nucleated cells such as lymphocytes. The structure of these proteins and their similarity to bacterial cytolysins has been studied. How C9 pore forming protein assemble with rest of C5b-8 on nucleated cell membrane remains controversial. We thus examined and now show the structures formed by these proteins on nucleated cell membranes. Formation of MAC occurs during complement activation during infection and autoimmunity. Largely, our current knowledge of the membrane pore formation is gained using ghost cells, lipid micelles, and erythrocytes. Understanding of how MAC kills nucleated cells will enhance our ability to design new therapies for selective killing of pathogens.

Two Nonthermal Technologies for Food Safety and Quality—Ultrasound and High Pressure Homogenization: Effects on Microorganisms, Advances, and Possibilities: A Review

ABSTRACT Some nonthermal technologies have gained special interest as alternative approaches to thermal treatments. High pressure homogenization (HPH) and ultrasound (US) are two of the most promising approaches. They rely upon two different modes of action, although they share some mechanisms or ways of actions (mechanic burden against cells, cavitation and micronization, primary targets being the cell wall and the membrane, temperature and pressure playing important roles for their antimicrobial potential, and their effect on cells can be either positive or negative). HPH is generally used in milk and dairy products to break lipid micelles, whereas US is used for mixing and/or to obtain active compounds of food. HPH and US have been tested on pathogens and spoilers with different effects; thus, the main goal of this article is to describe how US and HPH act on biological systems, with a focus on antimicrobial activity, mode of action, positive effects, and equipment. The article is composed of three main parts: (i) an overview of US and HPH, with a focus on some results covered by other reviews (mode of action toward microorganisms and effect on enzymes) and some new data (positive effect and modulation of metabolism); (ii) a tentative approach for a comparative resistance of microorganisms; and (iii) future perspectives. HIGHLIGHTS