Study of making coal water slurry with lignite Pendopo coal

The Coal Water Slurry (CWS) technology increases the calorific value and changes the phase of coal from solid to liquid. The CWS Plant with a coal capacity of 1.4 t/hour located at Karawang, West Java converts lignite coal to CWS. Coal undergoes pulverizing, upgrading, and slurry-making processes to become CWS. Pulverization is the process of refining coal size into 200 mesh. The upgrading process is through reducing the moisture content in heat exchangers (HE). It occurs in HE where the coal is pressurized to 15 MPa and the temperature is maintained at 330 0C for 30 minutes. The research objective was to determine the CWS characteristics of the South Sumatra Pendopo lignite coal. The method used is through testing where the Pendopo coal is converted into CWS at the CWS Plant. The result shows that Pendopo coal which has a heating value of High Heating Value (HHV) 2,725.00 kCal/kg As Received (AR) has an increase in HHV heating value of 3,218.00 kcal/kg AR when it becomes CWS. The total moisture content of Pendopo coal has decreased from 49.36% to 44.58% when it becomes CWS. The fixed carbon content of Pendopo coal increased from 19.78% AR to 24.01% AR.

PREDICTION FOR TOTAL MOISTURE CONTENT IN WOOD PELLETS BY NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS)

Mankind consumes as many fossil fuels per year as nature produced during a million years. Furthermore, energy consumption has tripled in the last 60 years, and is expected to be doubled in 2050, due to the technological and economic takeoff of large emerging powers. In light of this scenario, a change in energy policies should be aimed to promote energy efficiency and the use of sustainable energy resources, such as bioenergy, safely and environmental friendly. Biomass fuels take a main role in the EU's energy and climate policies, aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and combating Climate Change. Quality control of biofuels and knowledge of their characteristics reach a large relevance in any industrial application based on the energy use of biofuels. NIRS technology (near infrared spectroscopy, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) is based on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and material, and now is presented as an encouraging technological tool for quality testing of solid biofuels, since it is a non-destructive and much faster and cheaper analytical technique than traditional ones, which are based on current ISO standards. That interaction appears as spectral vibrations (energy absorption or absorbance) that are properly processed, allowing to measure the most important physical-chemical properties of solid biofuels in a fast, simple and non-destructive way. Wood pellet is the highest quality solid biofuel in the current biomass market, which is regulated by ENplus® certification scheme in the European-wide, ensuring the quality of product to consumers. Low heating value is the most important parameter of solid biofuel, and is strongly linked to total moisture content, so the control of moisture is key factor during pelletizing process. The original research carried out in this work allows to present the development of a NIRS prediction model for total moisture in wood pellets, in the range of values of 5 – 10 %, providing a much faster and more automated methodology for product quality control, both in production plants of wood pellets and in power plants with wood pellets as fuel. Keywords: near infrared spectroscopy, wood pellets, quality control, moisture, prediction model

Physico-chemical Characterization of Edible Packaging Film Supplemented with Ocimum (Tulsi) Essential oil

The concern about the possible adverse health effects of plastic based food packaging as well as the environmental pollution caused by plastics has lead to efforts in looking for alternative, eco-friendly and biocompatible food packaging materials. In the present investigation, a composite edible film was prepared from whey, pectin and gelatin, which was supplemented withOcimum essential oil. These films were characterized for thickness, transparency towards visible and UV light, and total moisture content. Antimicrobial activity of these films were examined against Escherichia coli MTCC 118, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 741, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, Bacillus cereus MTCC 1272and Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC 103. The film activity was found to bemaximumagainst B. cereus with 8 mm zone of inhibition on addition of 6% of Ocimum essential oil. The films were also active against all other pathogens except P. aeruginosa.

The assessment of drought resistance of Hydrangea paniculata Siebold varieties promising for the introduction in the Bashkir Cis-Urals

The paper studies the water regime of panicle hydrangea and 16 varieties of this species introduced into South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences. The purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of hydrangea varieties resistance to drought and the identification of the most promising taxa suitable for cultivation in the Bashkir Cis-Urals. The study assesses the total moisture content, water retention capacity and the content of mobile moisture in hydrangea leaves for the growing season. It has been found that the total moisture content (water content in the tissues) of panicle hydrangea leaves and its varieties is quite high and ranges from 72 to 82%. Certain varieties (Bobo, Levana, Phantom, PrimWhite, Silver Dollar, Sandy Fraise, Unique) have an ability to increase water retention during flowering. The following varieties are most adapted to dry periods under growing conditions in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Urals: Kyushu, Prim White and Wims Red, the least drought-resistant ones are Tardiva, Sandy Fraise and Praecox; the other 10 varieties are classified as hydrangeas with medium drought resistance. H. paniculata has average values for all parameters of the water regime and their value does not depend on the phenophase.

Regulation of superoxide dismutase activity in soybean plants by inoculating seeds with rhizobia containing nanoparticles of metal carboxylates under conditions of different water supply

Soybean is one of the most profitable advanced crops in agricultural production in Ukraine and the world as a whole. Therefore, studies of means of regulation and increase in the adaptive capacity of soybeans in symbiosis with nodule bacteria under the action of unfavourable environmental factors are relevant and should be aimed at the use of complex bacterial compositions involving modern nanotechnological approaches. Nanocarboxylates of ferrum, molybdenum and germanium metals were used as components of rhizobia inoculation suspension for soybean seed treatment to study the effectiveness of their complex effect on the regulation of the activity of the key antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in plants under drought. Various symbiotic systems were used, which included soybean plants and inoculation suspensions based on the active, virulent Tn5-mutant Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 by adding nanoparticles of ferrum, germanium and molybdenum carboxylates to the culture medium in a ratio of 1: 1000. Citric acid was the chelator. A model drought lasting 14 days was created during the period of active fixation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by root nodules of soybeans in the budding and flowering stages, by means of controlled watering of plants to 30% of the total moisture content. In the stage of bean formation, watering of plants was resumed to the optimal level – 60% of the total moisture content. The control was soybean plants, the seeds of which were inoculated with a suspension of rhizobia without the addition of chelated metals. The following research methods were used in the work – microbiological, physiological and biochemical. According to the results, it was found that when nanoparticles of carboxylates of ferrum, molybdenum and germanium were added to the inoculation suspension of rhizobia, there was an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in root nodules and a decrease in soybean leaves under optimal water supply conditions of plants. This indicates the initial changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme in these symbiotic systems, induced by the influence of chelated metals in combination with the rhizobia of the active Tn5-mutant B. japonicum B1-20. Prolonged drought induced an increase in the overall level of superoxide dismutase activity in soybean nodules and leaves, compared to plants grown under optimal watering conditions. The symbiotic system formed by soybeans and B. japonicum with molybdenum carboxylate nanoparticles was the most sensitive to long-term drought exposure, compared to two other soybean-rhizobial symbioses using ferrum and germanium nanocarboxylates. This was manifested in the unstable reaction of the enzyme to the action of drought – suppression or intensification of the level of its activity in the root nodules and leaves of soybeans inoculated with rhizobia containing molybdenum carboxylate nanoparticles. In symbiotic systems with the participation of germanium and ferrum nanocarboxylates, slight changes were revealed in superoxide dismutase activity in root nodules and leaves of plants during drought and restoration of enzyme activity to the level of plants with optimal watering after water stress. It is concluded that the addition to the culture medium of rhizobia Tn5-mutant B1-20 of nanocarboxylates of germanium or ferrum is an effective means of regulating the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in soybean root nodules and leaves, which can contribute to an increase in the protective properties and adaptation of plants to the action of dehydration.

Comparative study of some standardization parameters of two samples of Aquilegia sibirica L. aerial parts

The aerial parts of Aquilegia sibirica L. were prepared from two different plant-geographical regions of Mongolia. Some main qualitative control parameters and a quantitative analysis of main biological active compounds of these samples were studied for a standardization of this drug. The aerial parts of Aquilegia sibirica L. were collected on June 26, 2006 at the Altai mountains, steppe, Gobi-Altai aimag, Khantaishir range, Yalaatin am (N46о105’, E97о004’) and on June 23, 2019 at the Khyangan mountains, meadow, Selenge aimag, Mandalsoum, Thunkhel village (N48o63’, E106o79’). As a result of the study, the total moisture content of the samples collected from Gobi-Altai and Selenge aimags were 8.25 ± 0.31% and 8.45 ± 0.13%, the total ash was 8.85 ± 0.17% and 9.71 ± 0.21%, and the acid insoluble ash was 0.95 ± 0.05% and 0.99 ± 0.26%, the water-extracted compounds were 26.24 ± 0.85% and 25.67 ± 0.53%, respectively. According to the analysis of main biological active compounds of these samples, the total phenolic compounds 2.8 ± 0.05% and 2.5 ± 0.05% (gallic acid equivalents), the total flavonoids 3.6 ± 0.13% and 3.67 ± 0.06% (isocytisoside equivalents), and the total tannins 0.79 ± 0.03% and 0.55 ± 0.03% (pyrogallol equivalents) were determined, respectively. Study of qualitative control parameters and quantitative analysis of main biological active compounds of this plant drug collected from different regions gave comparable results. Сибирь удвал (Aquilegia sibirica L.) ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийн хоёр дээжийн стандарчиллын зарим үзүүлэлтийн харьцуулсан судалгаа Хураангуй: Манай оронд ургадаг Сибирь удвал ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийг ургамал газар зүйн ангиллын хоёр өөр бүс нутгаас бэлтгэсэн бөгөөд энэхүү эмийн түүхий эдийн стандартчиллын гол үзүүлэлт болох чанарын хяналтын тоон үзүүлэлтүүд, биологийн идэвхт гол нэгдлүүдийн тооны шинжилгээг харьцуулан судлав. Бид Сибирь удвал ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийг 2006 оны 06-р сарын 26-нд ургамал газар зүйн Монгол Алтайн уулын хээрийн тойрогт орших Говь-Алтай аймаг, Хантайширын нуруу, Ялаатын ам (N46о105’, E97о004’), 2019 оны 06-р сарын 23-нд Хянганы уулын нугат хээрийн тойрогт орших Сэлэнгэ аймаг, Мандал сум, Түнхэл тосгоноос (N48o63’, E106o79’) тус тус түүж, шинжилгээнд бэлтгэв. Бидний судалгааны үр дүнд Говь-Алтай ба Сэлэнгэ аймгаас түүж бэлтгэсэн дээжийн нийт чийг 8.25±0.31% ба 8.45±0.13 %, нийт үнс 8.85±0.17 % ба 9.71±0.21 %, сулруулсан хлорт устөрөгчийн хүчилд үл уусах үнс 0.95±0.05 % ба 0.99±0.26 %, усанд хандлагдах бодисын тоо хэмжээ 26.24±0.85 % ба 25.67±0.53 % байв. Энэ ургамлын биологийн идэвхт гол нэгдлүүдийн тооны шинжилгээний дүнд нийт фенолт нэгдэл галлын хүчилд шилжүүлснээр 2.80±0.05 % ба 2.50±0.05 %, нийт флавоноид изоцитизозидод шилжүүлснээр 3.60±0.13 % ба 3.67±0.06 %, нийт идээлэгч бодис пирогаллолд шилжүүлснээр 0.79±0.03 % ба 0.55±0.03 % болохыг тус тус тодорхойлов. Ургамал газар зүйн өөр өөр бүс тойргоос бэлтгэсэн ургамлын - эмийн түүхий эдийн чанарын хяналтын тоон үзүүлэлтүүд ба биологийн идэвхт гол үйлчлэгч бодисуудын тоо хэмжээ ойролцоо дүнтэй байгааг тодорхойлов. Түлхүүр үг: Сибирь удвал, чанарын хяналтын тоон үзүүлэлтүүд, фенолт нэгдэл, флавоноид, идээлэгч бодис

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COAL DEPOSIT KOTEZI IN THE BUGOJNO BASIN

This paper presents study results of the qualitative characteristics of coal deposit Kotezi. Regional geological researches were conducted from 1983 to 1987, and detailed from 2014 to the end of 2018. Tests were performed on the following coal quality parameters: average thickness of pure coal in coal layers, total moisture content, ash content, total sulfur content and lower heat value. Researches were conducted in the field, laboratory and cabinet. Subsequently, an analysis and interpretation of the obtained research results was carried out. Comparing the research geological results of all represented coal layers, deviations of the considered parameters were determined. Coals of the Bugojno basin belong to the younger coals, soft to medium hard, no luster (matt), brown to black colored, and have brown streak. Their fracture is plate-like and particleboard. They do not have a distinct lignite structure, except in the lower layers. With their general habitus, they resemble younger brown coals, and belong to humic coals which are relatively low in carbonation. In the vertical profile of coal layers, the highest quality components are from the upper part of the layer, while the slightly lower quality components are from the middle and lower parts of the layer.

Total Volatile Base, Glycogen, Cathepsin, and Water Holding Capacity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on Deteoritation Phase

Fish was a highly perishable product. The deterioration of fish quality was followed by modification of biochemical components. These Biochemical components include a total volatile base, glycogen, cathepsin activity, and water holding capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the changes of biochemical components in fish deterioration quality. The highest TVB value showed on post rigor phase (38,40 mg N/100 g). The highest glycogen content showed on pre-rigor phase (765,1707 mg/ml). The decreasing of cathepsin activity showed on rigor mortis until post rigor phase, 0,0285 U/ml to 0,0095 U/ml. The ability fresh fish to retain water (76,39%) from total moisture content (76,89%).

Description of atmospheric freeze-drying process of organic apples using thermo-physical properties

This study discusses the influence of temperature and total moisture content on ice fraction in organic apples during atmospheric freeze-drying process. The ice formation of glass transition events were described by Clausius-Clapeyron and Gordon Taylor equations. The obtained data is essential for design the drying process and for understanding the limiting factors.Keywords: ice fraction, organic apples, atmospheric freeze/drying, glass transition