Developmental integration cannot explain major features of stomatal anatomical evolution in seed plants

Developmental integration can cause traits to covary over macroevolutionary time and in some cases prevent populations from reaching their adaptive optima. Developmental integration between stomatal size and density may contribute to two major features of stomatal anatomical evolution: inverse size-density scaling and bimodal stomatal ratio. If these patterns result from developmental integration, we predicted that in amphistomatous leaves 1) stomatal size and density should covary similarly on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces and 2) stomatal traits (size and density) on each surface should covary isometrically. We synthesized data on stomatal density and length from amphistomatous leaves of 711 terrestrial seed plant taxa mostly from the literature. We estimated the covariance in divergence between stomatal traits from 327 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Adaxial stomatal density, but not length, is evolutionarily labile and not strongly integrated with stomatal length or abaxial stomatal density. Hence, developmental integration alone cannot explain inverse size-density scaling nor bimodal stomatal ratio. Quasi-independent evolution of stomatal anatomical traits facilitates largely unfettered access to fitness optima. If stomatal anatomical traits are near their current fitness optimum, this implies that limits on trait (co)variance result from selective rather than developmental constraints. However, we cannot rule out that developmental integration is important in some lineages. Future research should identify the mechanistic basis of(dis)integration in stomatal development.

Pengaruh Penambahan Jamur Tiram (PLEUROTUS SP.) Terhadap Nilai Komposisi Kimia Dan Organoleptik Bakso Ayam Broiler

Experimental research aimed to determine the effect of the addition of oyster mushrooms on the chemical composition and organoleptic value of broiler chicken meatballs. The research was corried out for 4 months from July to October 2020. The making of broiler chicken meatballs and organoleptics tests was carried out at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Science UNW Mataram and chemical composition analysis was carried out at the INMT Laboratory of Mataram University. The research design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, namely the addition of oyster mushrooms as much as 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of the weight of chicken meat and each treatment there were 5 replications. The data from the research on the chemical composition of chicken meatballs were analyzed using variant analysis and continued with the LSD test and the organoleptic values were obtained using a hedonic scale from 30 panelists who were somewhat trained as replication, then analyzed using the Friedman Test. The analysis of variance result showed that the addition of oyster mushrooms in broiler’s chicken meatball dough had a very significant effect (P >0.01) on the value of chemical composition, namely moisture, ash, fat, fiber and protein content and had a significant effect (P>0.05) organoleptic values are colour preference, taste and aceeptance of meatballs, but it has no significant effect (P< 0.05) on the preference for aroma and texture of meatballs. The formulation of addition oyster mushrooms to broiler chicken meatballs based on the chemical composition value is the addition of 10% oyster mushrooms containing the highest protein of 8.51±0.014%, when compared to the addition of mushroom addition 0%, 20% and 30% and has met Indonesian National Standard for combination meatball and can be recomended for as nutritional terapy in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the organoleptic value, the formulation of broiler chicken meatballs with the addition of oyster mushrooms as much as 30% can provide higher organoleptic (colour, taste and acceptability) when compared to the addition of 0%, 10% and 20%.

Antifungal Effectiveness of Pyrolytic Oil Obtained from Triplochiton scleroxylon (De. Wild) Sawdust on Selected Wood Species

The present study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of pyrolytic oil obtained from Triplochion scleroxylon sawdust which used as a preservative against fungi attack on Alstonia bonnei, Ceiba pentandra, Pterocarpus osun, Terminalia randii, Triplochiton scleroxylon wood. The wood samples used for the experiment were dimensioned into 20 x 20 x 60 mm and soaked for 72 hours to obtain appreciable absorption. The percentage absorption after soaking and weight loss after exposure to termite were determined. Data were analyzed using simple statistics and analysis of variance at α0.05. The highest and lowest percentage absorption was recorded for Terminalia randii and Alstonia bonnie with 23.20 % and 13.10 % respectively. Analysis of variance result indicates the significant difference in wood species used. The result obtained for weight loss revealed significant differences in wood species as well as in fungi also. The result further showed that those are taken as control recorded the highest weight loss to white and brown rot fungi. Pyrolytic oil possesses a great potential in the prevention of fungi attack as it contained phenolic compound.

Efek penambahan oats pada formulasi cookies gandum dilihat dari karakteristik fisik dan sensorinya

This research aims to determine the effect of oats addition in wheat cookies formulation seen from physical and sensory characteristics. Six formulations used in this research consist of wheat flour and oats mixture namely Control (100%:0%), Formulation 1 (80%:20%), Formulation 2 (60%:40%), Formulation 3 (40%:60%), Formulation 4 (20%:80%), and Formulation 5 (0%:100%). Based on analysis of variance result at α = 5%, there was a significant difference in the value of hardness and work from control and all variation of cookies’ formulation. It was also found that the decreasing composition of wheat flour and increasing composition of oats caused a decrease in the value of hardness and work. The addition of oats in the formulation of wheat cookies increases the level of brightness (L), decreases the value of a* (red tone), and increases the value of b* (yellow tone) of cookies. From sensory evaluation, compared to controls, the addition of oats in the formulation increased the acceptance rating for color parameter for all formulation, taste parameter for Formulation 2 until 5, and overall parameter for Formulation 2 and 3, while for the texture parameter, the addition of oats did not provide an increased in the acceptance rating.

Kandungan Acid Detergent Fiber Dan Neutral detergent Fiber Jerami Jagung fermentasi Dengan Mengunakan Jamur Trichoderma Viride Dengan Lama Inkubasi Berbeda

The research was aimed at investingating acid detergent fibre neutral detergent Fiber content in corn straw fermented using Trichoderma Viride in different Incubation Time. It applied compeletey Randomizend Design consisting Of 4 treatments and 4 repetitions, hence, it resulted in 16 units of an experiment. The Treatments consisted of corn straw withhout inoculation (control), 7% corn straw Fermented with Trichoderma viride in 1 week incubation time, 7% corn straw Fermented with Trichoderma Viride in 2 weeks incubation time, and 7% corn straw fermented with Trichoderma Viride in 3 weeks incubation time.Analysis of variance result shows that corn straw fermented using Trichoderma Viride in different Incubation Time gave significant inflluance toward ADF content (p0,05). Besides , corn straw fermentd using Trichoderma Viride in different incubation Time gave significant influence toward NDF content(p0,05).

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF ETAWAH CROSSBRED PREGNANT GOAT ON SUPPLEMENTATION OF KATUK LEAVE MEAL (SAUROPUS ANDROGYNUS )AND ZN BIOCOMPLEX

The experiment aimed to know the physiological response of Etawah Crossbred pregnant goat were fed katuk leave meal (Sauropus androgynus) and Zn biocomplex as supplement. Sixteen heads of Ettawa crossbred pregnant goat in early third months pregnancy were used in this experiment with 38 ± 2.3 kg of body weight. Completely random design with 4 treatments and 4 replications were applied in this experiment. Those treatment were, R0: farmer pattern fed (Leucaena + 0.5kg consentrate; R1: farmer pattern fed + 77.5g of katuk leave meal; R2: R1 + Zn biocomplex 1.03g/kg consentrate; dan R3: R1 + Zn biocomplex 2.06g/kg consentrate. Variable measured consist of the respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature, using conventional method. Data were tabulated and analized by analysis of variance. Result showed that treatment have significant effect on respiration rate (P<.01) but no significant on pulse rate and rectal temperature of Ettawa crossbred pregnant goat. The average of respiration rate R0 to R3 were: 58.21;59.88; 61.80 and 63.31 breath/minute, respectively; average of pulse rate R0 to R3 were: 79.0; 79.85;81.1 dan 82.1 breath/minute; average of rectal temperature R0 to R3were: 38.3; 37.55; 38.27 and 38.36oC. It can be concluded that there was increase in repiration rate of Etawah Crossbred pregnant goat due to supplementation of katuk leave meal and Zn biocomplex.

Body Weight, Oocyte Elimination and Blood Profile of Rabbit After Challenge Test Using Eimeria stiedai

The objective of the research was to investigate body weight, oocyte elimination and blood profile of rabbits infected with various doses of Eimeria stiedai isolates. The observed rabbits’ blood profile included erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocyte, thrombocyte, total protein plasma (TPP) and fibrinogen. Twenty-five male New Zealand White rabbits aged 3 months and weighed approximately 2 kg were provided with pellet and boiled drinking water and Eimeria stiedai isolates. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design to analyze 5 treatments with five replicates. The examined variables included D0: Infection 0 (control of infection without challenge test), D1: Infection 101 with challenge test 103, D2: infection 102 with challenge test 103, D3: infection 103 with challenge test 103, D4: infection 0 with challenge test 103 (control of infection). Data were subject to analysis of variance followed by Honestly Significant Difference Test (HSD). Analysis of Variance result showed that there was no significant difference on body weight, oocyte elimination and blood profile including erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocyte, thrombocyte, and fibrinogen. However, total protein plasma (TTP) was significantly different at 5% HSD. It can be concluded that challenge test with Eimeria stiedai has not been used as an alternative in increasing rabbits’ body immune against coccidiosis infection.

Effect of temperature on seed germination of Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuill. (Malvales: Malvaceae) from Ondo and Oyo States, Nigeria

Effect of temperature on seed germination of Bombax costatum Pellegr & Vuill. (Malvales: Malvaceae), from four provenances in South Western Nigeria was investigated. A set of three replicates of 25 seeds per provenance were used for the experiment which was laid in a completely randomized block design. The seeds were exposed to fire temperature regimes for germination tests: 28 oC, 20 oC, 5 oC, 35 oC and 20 oC. Seed germination was recorded for 4 weeks. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. Result showed that significant differences in seed germination under varying temperature regimes (P < 0.05). Interaction effect between temperature and provenances was not significant (P < 0.05). Seeds placed in ambient temperature had the highest mean number of germination (20.75) while the least mean value (0.17) was observed for cold room (-20 oC). B. costatum seeds should be exposed to ambient temperature so as to promote seed germination.

METHOD OF SCORE EQUALITY AND SAMPLE SIZE

This study is aimed to obtain information of different score variance result of equating linear method and equipercentile method for sample size 200, 400, and 800 in Ujian Akhir Sekolah Berstandar Nasional (UASBN). The research is important in considering the test device of UASBN shaped packages of different tests. Scores obtained from different packages can not be directly inferred the existence of differences in ability between them, because the difficulty level of the package used influencing these differrences. To overcome the differences are doing through equating. The method used is an experiment of two variables, equating method and the number of respondents. The experiments are not conducted during the learning process, but conducted after the score and the pattern of the answers obtained through UASBN. The population examinee UASBN SD/MI 2008/2009 for IPA subject matter at East Jakarta. Sampling uses random replacement technique. The hypothesis is tested using similarity variance. The results with α = 0,05 shows: (1) score variance equipercentile method (σ2ekp200) is not different to score variance linear method (σ2lin200) for the sample size 200, (2) score variance equipercentile method (σ2ekp400) is not different to score variance equating linear method (σ2lin400) for the sample size 400, and (3) score variance equipercentile method (σ2ekp800) is not different to score variance equating linear method (σ2lin800) for the sample size 800.

Variance reducing modifications for estimators of standardized moments of random sets

In the statistical analysis of random sets, it is useful to have simple statistics that can be used to describe the realizations of these sets. The cumulants and several other standardized moments such as the correlation and second cumulant can be used for this purpose, but their estimators can be excessively variable if the most straightforward estimation strategy is used. Through exploitation of similarities between this estimation problem and a similar one for a point process statistic, two modifications are proposed. Analytical results concerning the effects of these modifications are found through use of a specialized asymptotic regime. Simulation results establish that the modifications are highly effective at reducing estimator standard deviations for Boolean models. The results suggest that the reductions in variance result from a balanced use of information in the estimation of the first and second moments, through eliminating the use of observations that are not used in second moment estimation.