THE SPECIFICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL MODEL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOG RESTORATION

INTRODUCTION Within the scope of biodiversity and sustainable ecosystem development, the restoration of a bog’s ecosystem is important because by reducing the drainage effect on the bog, the negative impact on adjacent intact or relatively intact raised bog and other wetland hydrological regimes is lowered. Degraded bogs are mires with a disturbed natural hydrological regime, or those partly exploited for peat extraction. However, the hydrological regime can be restored and peat formation is expected within 30 years. The restoration of a bog’s hydrological regime can be accelerated by filling up the drainage ditches. In the course of researching scientific literature, the author has found no evidence of a system dynamics model developed to simulate tree cutting intensity in degraded bogs after filling the drainage ditches for the purpose of speeding up the restoration of the hydrological regime. Thus, this approach is an innovative way of solving the problem. Bog hydrological systems are complex systems with many components, thus an interdisciplinary approach must be applied which combines hydrology, biology, geography and meteorology with computer sciences. Specification requirement technique is a useful tool for determining the elements that shape a bog’s hydrological system and interact with each other, thus providing the design for a simulation model. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the opinion of the author, the most suitable specification requirement tool to determine components forming the bog hydrological system is (OOAD), because it is applicable both in system dynamics and object modelling systems. Based on OOAD, it will be able to build system dynamics models in STELLA system dynamics and the GEOframe NewAGE modelling system, which is based on an object modelling system framework. OOAD principles are fundamentally based on real world objects (Powell-Morse, 2017) - in this case, the elements forming a bog’s hydrological system. OOAD combines all behaviours, characteristics and states into one analysis process, rather than splitting them up into separate stages, as many other methodologies would do (Powell-Morse, 2017). OOAD can be divided in two parts – Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA), and Object-Oriented Design (OOD). The products of OOA serve as models from which we may start an object-oriented design; the products of OOD can then be used as blueprints for completely implementing a system using object-oriented programming methods (Booch, 1998). In the study of the boundaries of the bog hydrological model, theoretical methods such as case study and content analysis were mainly used - specifically evaluative, explorative and instrumental review methods. RESULTS This study helped to understand complex interrelationships that exist between different elements within a bog’s hydrological system. The bog hydrological system boundaries were clarified, and the simulation model specification requirements were determined. DISCUSSION The next step is to develop simulation models in STELLA system dynamics and the GEOframe NewAGE modelling system and compare the performance. These simulation models will be made to represent water movement in a bog’s hydrological system from water input by means of precipitation to water output through interception, sublimation, evaporation, transpiration, lake outflow and overland flow. The input data will be loaded manually from the QGIS Open Source Geographic Information System and Excel databases. It will be possible to generate output data in the form of frequency tables, graphical analysis, review tables, GIS raster files and others. CONCLUSION The determination of tree thinning intensity in degraded bogs using modelling is a new innovative approach which should allow the water level of ecosystems to be restored faster and more efficiently, thus increasing natural diversity, improving the quality of life of local people and promoting bog recreational ability.

TINJAUAN KADAR ASPAL AC-BC PADA RUAS JALAN RIVERSIDE MENGGUNAKAN METODE CENTRIFUGE EKSTRACTION

Then findings pf ectraction gradation in table reveal that there is an asphalt is used ≥ and ≤ plan asphalt content in mixig JMF (Job Mix Formula) / so the rules is not appropriate with the specification. It shows that the laston mix will be influence. The findings of asphalt content or ectraction reveal that the mix of AC-BC which used in the field each point/sta. The collection sample score is still above and less from the specification requirement of JMF (Job Mix Formula) which is 5,75 %.

STABILITAS MARSHALL DAN KETAHANAN DEFORMASI WARM MIX ASPHALT MENGGUNAKAN ADITIF ZYCOTHERM

ABSTRACTWarm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is produced at mixing temperatures between 20°C-40°C lower than Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Zycotherm added ingredients is one of the additives used in Warm Mix Asphalt. This study aims to assess Marshall stability and resistance to deformation by using asphalt type AC 60/70 ex Shell and Zycotherm additives on warm asphalt mixtures. In this study, the test was carried out on a layer of (AC-WC) to four mixed variations ie HMA-0, WMA-1, WMA-2, WMA-3 with 0% Zycotherm content; 0.10%; 0.15% and 0.20%. Mixed performance is measured by Marshall and Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) testing. Based on the result of Gyropac test, with Workability Index (WI) value approach, the mixing temperature and compaction of WMA-1, WMA-2 and WMA-3 mixture are respectively obtained temperature 130/120°C, 130/120°C and 140/130° C. The Marshall test, the stability value of all mixtures fulfilled the minimum specification requirement of 800 kg, with the greatest stability value obtained from WMA-1 mixture of 1325 kg with additive content of 0.10%. The results of the Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) test, a mixture that has resistance to deformation is a mixture of WMA-1 has the smallest deformation value of 1.93 mm, the largest dynamic stability of 1400 traje / mm and the smallest deformation velocity of 0.030 mm / min. That the use of Zycotherm is suitable for use in AC-WC warm mixture, with the optimum value of Zycotherm 0,10%. The use of excessive Zycotherm content results in a poor AC-WC warm mixture performance.Keywords: Dynamic Stability, Marshall, Warm Mix, Wheel Tracking Machine, Zycotherm. ABSTRAKWarm Mix Asphalt (WMA) diproduksi pada suhu pencampuran antara 20°C-40°C lebih rendah daripada Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Bahan tambah Zycotherm merupakan salah satu aditif yang digunakan dalam Warm Mix Asphalt. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji stabilitas Marshall dan ketahanan terhadap deformasi dengan menggunakan bahan perekat aspal jenis AC 60/70 ex Shell dan aditif Zycotherm pada campuran aspal hangat. Pada kajian ini, pengujian dilakukan pada lapis aus (AC-WC) terhadap empat variasi campuran yaitu HMA-0, WMA-1, WMA-2, WMA-3 dengan kadar Zycotherm 0%; 0,10%; 0,15% dan 0,20%. Kinerja campuran diukur berdasarkan pengujian Marshall dan Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian Gyropac, dengan pendekatan nilai Workability Index (WI) diperoleh suhu pencampuran dan pemadatan campuran WMA-1, WMA-2 dan WMA-3 secara berurutan diperoleh suhu 130/120°C, 130/120°C dan 140/130°C. Pengujian Marshall diperoleh nilai stabilitas semua campuran memenuhi ketentuan spesifikasi yaitu minimum 800 kg, dengan nilai stabilitas terbesar diperoleh dari campuran WMA-1 sebesar 1325 kg dengan kadar aditif 0,10%. Hasil pengujian Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM), campuran yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap deformasi adalah campuran WMA-1 memiliki nilai deformasi yang paling kecil sebesar 1,93 mm, stabilitas dinamis terbesar sebesar 1400 lintasan/mm dan kecepatan deformasi terkecil sebesar 0,030 mm/menit. Bahwa penggunaan Zycotherm cocok digunakan pada campuran hangat AC-WC, dengan nilai optimum penggunaan Zycotherm sebanyak 0,10%. Penggunaan kadar Zycotherm yang berlebihan menghasilkan performa campuran hangat AC-WC yang kurang baik.Kata kunci: Stabilitas Dinamis, Marshall, Warm Mix, Whell Tracking Machine, Zycotherm.

Experimental Study on Foamed Asphalt Warm Mix Technology

Usually, foamed asphalt as cold recycling mixture binder, study on foamed asphalt warm mix technology was limited in China. Aimed at the asphalt foaming characteristic, the paper put forward the best asphalt foaming condition and carried out indoor and outdoor experiment to study the road performance of warm mixed asphalt mixture. The paper proposed the maturation curing time concept and its evaluation method. Results indicated that the warm mixed asphalt mixtures road performance can meet the HMA specification requirement in a lower temperature of construction, and low-temperature crack resistance was better than the tradition hot mix asphalt mixture so the warm mix foamed mixture has a remarkable economic and society benefit.

Seismic Resistant Capability for Different Types of Brick-Wall Buildings in Taipei Basin

The buildings wall systems in Di-Hwa Street of Taipei, is quite different with the other historic area houses. In which the wall of building are made by different materials, such as earthen brick wall, stone brick wall, clay kiln brick wall, and their combination with un-regular types. The practicality of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through the Etabs software package analyzing the equivalent diagonal bracing models of each wall systems and evaluating the seismic resistant capacity of the brick wall structure. According to the analysis results, the seismic response control in displacement was observed. The seismic resistant capability of all of the brick wall structure, which were not enough to satisfied the design specification requirement according to the Ministry of Interior. also further increase the implementation of the improve devices on the displacement control of buildings is necessary.

Research on Landslide Accumulation Mass Stability at a Hydropower Station

Landslide stability is very important to the hydropower station construction. The volume of landslide accumulation mass in a hydropower station was more than 47, 500, 000 m3, it was a large landslide accumulation body rarely in the history of hydropower engineering. As a research object, the landslide accumulation mass in this hydropower station was divided into three parts by geologic ingredient, which included bedrock, slip soil and accumulation mass. According to mechanical parameters such as internal friction angle, cohesion, natural unit weight and saturated unit weight obtained by some research, limit equilibrium method was adopted to analyze the slope stability. Accumulation mass safety factors in different parts were calculated, the destruction style was illustrated and landslide accumulation mass stability was also analyzed. The results show under normal condition, rainstorm and earthquake condition, the safety factor cannot meet the specification requirement. The research provides meaningful reference to design and construction in similar hydropower station.

LQ Structure Design and Verification for FPU

In this paper, Living Quarter (LQ) structural design and verification is carried out for Floating Production Unit (FPU). There is much requirement at LQ area such as ceiling height, escape route and outfitting line for human living and operation, so it is quite difficult to get an optimum structural design. Generally, for the LQ design, the following requirement should be considered. - Company Specification Requirement - Class Requirement - Means of escape and access to lifeboats - Material Handling - Outfitting routing space such as Duct, piping, MCT (Multi Cable Transit) and Cable tray etc - Structural fire protection - Structural Weight and VCG for FPU stability - Structural safety – Main Structure, Helideck and Platform - Temporary living quarters To meet structural safety criteria under above requirements, global LQ structural analysis and local hole penetration evaluation such as door opening, duct, piping, cable tray and etc is performed. From the analysis results, structural reinforcement is applied at some area and outfitting design and routing is often changed at other areas. To get the final design, this kind of design spiral is repeated. So, close clash checks between structure, outfitting and HES department are essential for LQ design and evaluation. This paper explains how to proceed the LQ design at Shipyard and be a good example.

Analysis and Research on the Evaluation of Economy Benefits of Small Watershed Warping Dams System

The evaluation of economy benefits of small watershed warping dams system program mainly includes foundation benefit, economic benefit, ecological benefit, social benefit on project construction. The thesis takes this small watershed planning scheme 30- year computation time as object of study ,on its soil conservation benefit, storage benefit, planting benefits and rationalities irrigation benefit, block mud benefit, economic indexes such as flood protection benefits were analyzed and calculated ,for dam system planning scheme of the economic rationality assessment provides evaluation basis. Using natural "catch-basin" concept, the people of loess plateau created warping dam whose role is storing muddy and releasing clearing, intercept sediment and silting farmland, which is a kind of soil and water conservation engineering measures. Since liberation, in the middle Yellow River area has built more than 110,000 warping dams, exceeding 0.3million hm2 place has been silting into dam land and accumulated retard mud 2.1 million tons. Since 1990s, in order to give full play to the operation safety and overall benefit of warping dams, which has formed the construction concept of dam is "in tributaries as skeletons, small watershed as a unit, matching key dam, small and middle warping dams to construction the dam system of gullies"[1]. Further assure the operation safety and the overall benefit of warping dams, which has been brought into full play. A watershed which is in order to limitation of control the flood and sediment to realize the long-term goals of soil and water conservation. Through the field survey and measurement, selected the dam system layout scheme , determinded the engineering construction scheme of the dam system of the river basin, dam system altogether layout 5 key dam (including 3 seats new dams , 2 seats old dam which is need reinforcement ) ,15 seats small and middle warping dams ,and the project under construction will last for 3 years. Basis to the specification requirement, we need evaluation analysis the planning scheme for engineering benefit. Dam system’s engineering benefits include foundation benefit, economic benefit, ecological benefit and social benefit. Basis to the specification requirement, engineering planning after the project implementation produced by the foundation and economic benefit emphatically analyzes, ecological and social benefits are briefly analyzed[2].

Calibration of routine dosimeters in radiation processing: Validation procedure for in-plant calibration

The essential prerequisite of radiation dosimetry is to provide quality assurance and documentation that the irradiation procedure has been carried out according to the specification requirement of correct calibration of the chosen dosimetry system. At the Radiation Plant of the Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences we compared two recommended protocols of irradiation procedures in the calibration of dosimetry systems in radiation processing: (1) by irradiation of routine dosimeters (ethanol-chlorobenzene - ECB) at the calibration laboratory and (2), by in-plant calibration with alanine transfer - dosimeters. The critical point for in-plant calibration is irradiation geometry, so we carefully positioned the phantom carrying both dosimeters in order to minimize dose gradients across the sample. The analysis of results obtained showed that the difference among determined absorbed doses for the construction of calibration curves between these two methods, (alanine vs. ECB), is less than 1%. The difference in combined standard uncertainty for each calibration procedure is 0.1%. These results demonstrate that our in-plant calibration is as good as calibration by irradiation at the calibration laboratory and validates our placement of the irradiation phantom during irradiation.