BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SOWING QUALITIES OF NON-CLOTTING GARLIC, DEPENDING ON THE LOCATION OF THE GARLIC CLOVES IN THE BULB

Research conducted at the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection found that when using the peripheral and internal cloves of garlic for planting in comparison with the use of them of different locations without calibrating them by mass, during the growth between the variants differences in the area of the leaf surface of plants were observed. Indicator of the foliage also depends on of the location of the garlic cloves in the bulb. The location of garlic cloves, peripheral and internal, as a planting material, also affects the growth of vegetative mass formation and bulb weight. In the bulb structure the peripheral cloves of garlic have some increase in their quality over internals (the ratio is in the range of 60:40%). Analysis of the obtained productivity data makes it possible to note that in the formation of high yields of non-clotting garlic, the location of the clove of garlic in the bulb is of the leading importance. Differences in gross and commodity yields, between variants (B3) and (B2) are not so great, but the advantage of the first one is everywhere traced. Studies have also found that the use of all garlic cloves for planting at different locations without calibrating them by weight, leads to differently bulbs maturing time, which makes the harvesting process more difficult and leads to additional labor costs, in which case when harvesting - 24% of it consist of small noncommodity bulbs. The use of the same mass garlic cloves of different locations for planting ensures the simultaneous of ripening, a greater proportion of standard bulbs and a high quality of planting material.

A new genus of Theraphosid spider from Mexico, with a particular palpal bulb structure (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Magnacarina gen. nov. from Mexico is described. Hapalopus aldanus West, 2000 from Nayarit, is transferred to the new genus with an emended diagnosis creating the new combination Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. Three new species are described: Magnacarina moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov. from Nayarit and Sinaloa; Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov. and Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., both from Jalisco. Magnacarina gen. nov. is characterized by an unusual bifid palpal bulb, and has a primary projection located in the central area of the palpal bulb and directed retrolaterally; this projection possesses the prolateral superior and retrolateral keels. Next to the primary projection is a secondary projection, which may be short or long, ending in the prolateral inferior and apical keel surrounding the sperm pore. This secondary projection may have prolateral accessory keels and is diagnosed by possessing a nodule of inwardly curled megaspines, located in the basal ventro-retrolateral region of metatarsi I in adult males. Additionally, male tibiae I possess three apophyses. Females of Magnacarina gen. nov. have a single reduced and strongly sclerotized spermatheca, with an apical lobe projecting ventrally, and with a uterus externus that is longer and wider than the spermatheca.

Non-Conservative Consequences of “Conservative” Assumptions in Ship-Platform Collision Analysis

When designing offshore structures it is normally required to withstand a ship impact of a given magnitude without having progressive collapse of the structure. A common assumption when verifying a structure’s crashworthiness is to consider impact from a rigid vessel. This is argued to be a conservative assumption, as the struck structure will have to dissipate all energy. At a given time instant during a real collision, the weakest body will deform. Thus, if the actual strength of the platform is greater than that of the striking vessel, the rigid assumption will be wrong. For impact between a platform and a supply vessel, contact can occur for both the stem (forecastle structure) and the bulb simultaneously. Analyses show that there is a large difference between the strength of the stem and the bulb structure for conventional supply vessels, both in terms of total force and more importantly the pressure exerted to the struck structure. Thus, while the bulb might be stronger than the struck object, the stem is normally crushed. If a completely rigid vessel is assumed, the strain energy dissipation in the struck structure in way of the stem would be highly overpredicted, thereby lowering the estimate of the damage caused by the bulb. This paper investigates the consequences of the rigid assumption by nonlinear finite element analysis. A modern large supply vessel design is checked. The differences between a rigid and a deformable vessel are highlighted, and non-conservative results identified.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Bulb Impact with a Ship Side-Shell Structure

The finite element (FE) method is suitable as a numerical tool in the numerical analysis of, for example, ship collision scenarios. It is feasible to simulate and compare different collision scenarios by parameter variations. The objective with this investigation was to establish a reliable and robust FE modeling procedure for ship-ship collision simulations, using the commercial FE software Abaqus/Explicit, by means of parameter sensitivity and experimental analyses. Four types of experiments are presented that have supported the development of the FE models and simulations with sufficient information for representation of material characteristics and for validation of models:uniaxial tensile tests,friction tests,bulb impact with a steel-sheet test and, finallya bulb impact with a side-shell ship structure. The outcome of the parameter study after calibration against test results was two validated FE models: one of the bulb-sheet test and one of the bulb-structure test.