A Systematic Research on the Working Mechanism of Decategorization of Nouns in Mandarin Chinese

Based on the previous research, this paper makes a systematic study of the working mechanism of decategorizaiton of nouns in Mandarin Chinese, employing the theories of metaphor and metonymy and the theory of duality of concept. The major findings are as follows: metonymy-metaphor interaction is the working mechanism in the decategorization of nouns in Mandarin Chinese, mainly metaphor from metonymy, with metonymy and metaphor, functioning at different stages of decategorization. At the initial stage, the basic working mechanism is WHOLE-PART METONYMY. By this mechanism, a certain meaning component in the type notion domain of a noun is highlighted through metonymical constituent perspectivization and subjectivization, expressing descriptive or assertive meaning related to the noun. At the final stage, the working mechanism is mainly categorical metaphor, of which the source domain is the token notion of a typical noun with concrete meaning while the target domain is the type notion with abstract sense intended to express in communication.

Analysis of Mechanics of Disturbed Materials Based on Theory of Duality Disturbance

Materials exhibit different characteristics in different levels. Apparent behavior and properties of the material are based on actual measurements and they were studied by the traditional theorems and theories. The article studied a new method for material analysis--analysis of mechanics of disturbed materials based on theory of duality disturbance. For material in the any deformed state，a given material element can be treated as mixed state included RND( RND: Relatively Non-Disturbed) and RCD (RCD: Relatively Complete Disturbed). "Duality" state is made of references state of RND and RCD.[1-3] The apparent behavior of disturbing engineering materials use appropriate perturbation function to describe which connect with "duality".

Theory of Duality Disturbance of Elastoplasticity

The basic thinking, basic assumptions and basic formula system of duality disturbance theory are given in this paper. The theoretical and practical implications of duality disturbance theory are analyzed. The principles of the method of selecting the Stress-Strain relationships of relative non-disturbance material and relative complete disturbance material are given.

Linear Analysis of the Constitutive Relation of Concrete Elastoplastic Disturbance

A linearization method of the uniaxial non-fitting nonlinear stress-strain curve given by the author of the paper is presented. The evolution equation between disturbances variable and plastic strain is derived based on Theory of Duality Disturbance. A simple method for concrete structures preforming elastoplastic analysis is presented (including softening analysis).

Prediction of Mechanical Behavior of Equivalent Adhesive-Layer Using Theory of Duality of Famage

Concepts of equivalent adhesive-layer and Theory of Duality of Damage (TDD) are presented. Basic idea of the TDD is to assume that material damaged consists of two parts, i.e., Relative Non-Damaged Part (RNDP) and Complete Damaged Part (CDP). The mechanical behaviors of the material damaged can be simulated simultaneously by both mechanical behaviors of the RNDP and the CDP. The RNDP can be simulated by linear-elasticity and non-linear elasticity, respectively. The CDP can be approximately determined in engineering significant. Observed stress-strain relation of the equivalent adhesive layer of a steel/steel butt joint is measured. Evolution equation of damage of the equivalent adhesive-layer is established, and increment equation of stress-strain including effect of damage is given. The observed stress-strain relation is predicted through four damage parameters, i.e., plastic strain trajectory, plastic strain energy density, total strain trajectory, and total strain energy density. As a result, it is shown that the stress-strain curves predicted are of consistence with the observed stress-strain curve. The result predicted using total strain trajectory is better than others. It should be pointed out that the method presented in this paper could be applied to a variety of damaged structures not only to the equivalent adhesive-layer.

DUAL LIMIT ANALYSIS PROBLEMS WITH DISCONTINUITY OF DISPLACEMENT VELOCITIES

The general dual mathematical models (static and kinematic formulations) of the limit load and rigidplastic body parameters optimization problems are formed on the basis of extremal energy principles and theory of duality. Yield conditions are controlled not only in volume of finite elements, but also at the surfaces between elements. Therefore the possible discontinuity of displacement velocities and velocity energy dissipation between the elements are evaluated.