Genetic diversity of Falcataria moluccana and its relationship to the resistance of gall rust disease

Lelana Ne, Wiyono S, Giyanto, Siregar IZ. 2018. Genetic diversity of Falcataria moluccana and its relationship to the resistance of gall rust disease. Biodiversitas 19: 12-17. The use of cultivars that are resistant to a particular disease is one strategy that could mitigate the incidence of gall rust disease on Falcataria moluccana. Previous studies on the genetic diversity of F. moluccana did not attempt to link that genetic diversity to gall rust disease resistance. This research was carried out using RAPD analysis to determine the preliminary information on the association between different markers and the resistance to gall rust disease. The analysis evaluated a total of 20 pairs of healthy and infected F. moluccana trees that were classified based on their disease severity level. The RAPD primers used in this study were as follows: OPA-05, OPA-08, OPA-10, OPA-13, OPA-18, OPB-07, OPD-13, OPF-02, and OPG-05. The results showed that each RAPD primer produced a varying number of polymorphic bands, ranging from 3 to 12 bands, with a total of 80 polymorphic bands. Despite the number of loci analyzed, however, no specific polymorphic bands were found that could distinguish between healthy and diseased trees. This was supported by principal component analysis, which showed that healthy and diseased populations were not distributed separately. The structure analysis also showed that the healthy and diseased populations were not different.

Overall efficacies of combined measures for controlling grape bunch rot can be estimated by multiplicative consideration of individual effects

Aims: The present analyses aimed at evaluating the performance of two models for estimating the overall effect of combining two or more measures (leaf removal, cluster division, late shoot topping, botryticide application, bioregulator application) for controlling grape bunch rot based on the efficacy of the individual measures.Methods and results: Field trials with the white Vitis vinifera cultivars Pinot gris and Riesling on the efficacy of three bunch rot control measures applied either alone or in combination were analyzed. Bunch rot disease severities prior to harvest were assessed and efficacies were calculated for each treatment. Observed efficacies of single measures were used to estimate the overall efficacies of all possible measure combinations. Calculated efficacies matched observed efficacies more accurately when assuming multiplicative interaction among the individual measures (R2 = 0.8574, p < 0.0001; average absolute deviation: 7.9%) than in case of assuming additive effects (R2 = 0.8280; average absolute deviation: 14.7%).Conclusions: The multiplicative approach assumes that each additional measure is affecting (in case of efficient measures: reducing) the disease severity level as the result of the additional treatments rather than compared to the disease severity level in the untreated control.Significance and impact of the study: The high goodness of fit as well as the observed low deviations between the estimated and the observed efficacies suggest that the multiplicative approach is appropriate for estimating the efficacy of combined viticultural measures in a complex practical bunch rot control strategy assembled of different modules.

MANAGEMENT OF APHID BORNE POTATO VIRUS Y (PVY) THROUGH CHEMICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL METHODS

The aim of this study was the management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato cv. Desiree through chemical and non-chemical methods. The experiment was carried out at the New Developmental Farm (NDF), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during spring season, 2014 under field conditions. One of the major objectives of the experiment was to assess the effectiveness of the treatments application in their individual state as well as in combinations under field conditions. The treatments were mineral oil, insecticide, biocide and their combinations. Among various treatments, Diver was effective with disease severity level (1) and % disease incidence (40) in individual state and in combination (Diver + Confidor) and (Diver + Confidor + Neem extract) gave good results with % disease incidence (33.33) and with disease severity level (1). Neem extract was found to be less effective when used individually with % disease incidence (56.66) and with disease severity level (3), whereas Confidor when applied individually was more effective than Neem extract with % disease incidence (50) and with disease severity level (2). Moreover Diver in combination with Neem extract was found to be less effective in management of PVY as compared to Diver in combination with Confidor with % disease incidence (40) and disease severity level (1). Three aphid species were found in the field i.e Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphid gossypii (Glover) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). In case of aphid’s population, Confidor was more effective in reducing aphid’s population as compared to Diver and Neem extract. Finally, it can be concluded that Diver alone was more effective in the management of PVY. However in combination, Diver with Confidor significantly managed PVY under field conditions

Intensity of vascular streak dieback in different cocoa clones and various agro-climatic conditions

Vascular streak dieback (VSD) is one of the main diseases on cocoa. This disease can produce a heavy damage in susceptible plants. Agro-climatic condition influences the VSD disease severity level. A study on the relationship between agro-climatic condition and VSD disease severity was conducted in eight locations which were selected based on difference in agro-climatic conditions including altitude, rainfall, number of wet, and dry months. Randomized complete block design was used consisting of eight agro-climatic conditions as treatments which consisted of 200 trees samples, and scored for VSD intensity. A study was also conducted on the response of cocoa clones with different level of resistance at different altitude at Kendeng Lembu, Jatirono, Sungai Lembu, Banjarsari, and Sumber Asin Plantations. A split plot design was applied consisting of two factors. The first factor was location including Pager Gunung (highland) and Besaran (lowland). The second factor was clone resistance with two levels: PA 191 (resistant) and BL 703 (susceptible). VSD scores and stomatal characteristics (stomata number, stomata diameter, and stomata aperture) were determined. The results of experiment showed that VSD scoring differed significantly between the eight agro-climatic conditions. The highest VSD score occurred in the lowland (Gereng Rejo, Banjarsari Plantation, 38 m asl.), where the average annual rainfall was 2161 mm, with five dry months. Cocoa trees in Sumber Asin (580 m asl.), with the average annual rainfall of 2302 mm and 8.5 wet months/3.5 dry months were mostly free of VSD disease. Altitude was positively correlated with rainfall, and negatively correlated with VSD severity. Number of wet months was negatively correlated with VSD severity. Conversely, number of dry months was positively correlated with VSD. The result indicated that genotype, environment, or their interaction did not significantly affect number and aperture of stomata. Although stomatal diameter was significantly affected by environment, genotypes or their interaction with environment did not influence this character.

Wheeze sound analysis using computer-based techniques: a systematic review

Wheezes are high pitched continuous respiratory acoustic sounds which are produced as a result of airway obstruction. Computer-based analyses of wheeze signals have been extensively used for parametric analysis, spectral analysis, identification of airway obstruction, feature extraction and diseases or pathology classification. While this area is currently an active field of research, the available literature has not yet been reviewed. This systematic review identified articles describing wheeze analyses using computer-based techniques on the SCOPUS, IEEE Xplore, ACM, PubMed and Springer and Elsevier electronic databases. After a set of selection criteria was applied, 41 articles were selected for detailed analysis. The findings reveal that 1) computerized wheeze analysis can be used for the identification of disease severity level or pathology, 2) further research is required to achieve acceptable rates of identification on the degree of airway obstruction with normal breathing, 3) analysis using combinations of features and on subgroups of the respiratory cycle has provided a pathway to classify various diseases or pathology that stem from airway obstruction.

Pengobatan transfer energi sebagai salah satu metode pengobatan tradisional dalam penyembuhan penyakit

Nowadays, traditional medicine has been a widely spreaded phenomena in society as alternative or supplement aside of modern medication. Energy-transfer medication is one kind of traditional medication which become popular in the society, even no specific medicine or medical devices used in this treatment. The research method used were observation and interview. Interview was conducted to two informant as energy-transfer performer and six patients of this medication. The research shows that the use of energy-transfer medication was influenced by disease severity level, knowledge and experience, faith, social, and distance.

Susceptibility of fruits of the 'Valência' and 'Natal' sweet orange varieties to Guignardia citricarpa and the influence of the coexistence of healthy and symptomatic fruits

The importance of the presence of symptomatic fruits with citrus black symptoms (CBS) on the disease severity level in subsequent crop production was assessed in an orchard planted with Valência and Natal sweet orange varieties. Additionally, the period of susceptibility of the fruits of these varieties was evaluated. Fruits were covered with paper bags at the stage of 75% fallen petals and were then exposed to natural infection at weekly intervals, from October 2000 to April 2001. This process was carried out in plants where the fruits from the previous harvest had been picked as well as in plants where fruits remained until natural drop. The evaluation of disease severity used a scale that varied from 0 (absence of symptoms) to 6 (severe symptoms). It was observed that, for the Valência and Natal varieties, conidia of Phyllosticta citricarpa that had formed on the lesions of fruits from the previous harvest did not significantly increase the severity of disease on the fruits of the subsequent harvest period. In this study, the protection of the fruits until 10 weeks after petal drop did not affect the number of lesions, indicating that ascospore discharges after that date were, probably, responsible for disease severity. Fruits exposed between the 20th and 24th week after 75% of the petals had fallen were symptomatic, indicating that, at this stage, the fruits were still susceptible to the pathogen.