HIGHLIGHTS OF SEVERAL WORKS ON METAPHYSICS AND TASAWWUF

This article is a summary of the important points in the subject of philosophy of science, especially, Metaphysics idea or in Islamic sense. It calls as “Tasawwuf” (Islamic metaphysics). From several works, for instance, Immanuel Kant’s Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, S.M.N al-Attas’s Islam and the Philosophy of Science, and Nūr al-Dīn al-Rānirī’s Latā’if al-Asrār li Ahli Allah al-Aṭyār. From these three books, here is the highlight in order to understand their views on Metaphysics and Tasawwuf. The survey aims to analyze and compare their views, particularly on pertaining on Metaphysics. The study was found that Metaphysics, deals in general with questions about the nature of reality. The Sufis took the same position as the philosophers and the theologians in affirming the reality of thing that constitute the world, and hence also the reality of the world, as established, in contradiction to the Sophists. But the Sufis attested further, in significant contrast to the philosophers and the theologians, that in addition to existence in the above sense, that is, as a pure concept, and based upon clear mystical revelation and true intuition founded upon the authority of the Holy Qur’an and the tradition as well as upon reason and experience. Keywords: Epistemology, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Science, Reality, Sufism (Tasawwuf), Truth.

Murtadha Muthahhari: Filsafat Etika Islam

This paper discusses the thoughts of Murtadha Mutahhari about Islamic ethical philosophy. Philosophy of Islamic ethics is important to discuss as a comparison in the current discourse hegemony of Western ethics concepts. Western ethical concepts epistemologically pure concept of human, there is no role of religion and God. The concept of Western ethics has characteristics that ethics is the goal Islam has the basic ethics of religion and reason. Islamic ethics that ethics is a means "way" that introduces the spiritual nature of human to human intellectual and can assure religion. Data for this article with books, journals, and other sources relevant. Then the data were analyzed in accordance with article topics. This paper found that there are philosophical differences that underlie differences in ethical concepts western concept of Islamic ethics Murthadha Muthahhari. The concept of Islamic ethics is not an sich but out of criticism of the concept of ethics Muthahhari west. For a Muthahhari concept of Islamic Ethics in human means to know God. [Makalah ini membahas pemikiran Murtadha Mutahhari tentang filsafat etika Islam. Filsafat etika Islam penting untuk dibahas sebagai perbandingan dalam hegemoni wacana konsep etika Barat saat ini. Konsep etis Barat konsep manusia murni secara epistemologis, tidak ada peran agama dan Tuhan. Konsep etika Barat memiliki karakteristik bahwa etika adalah tujuan Islam memiliki etika dasar agama dan akal. Etika Islam bahwa etika adalah sarana "jalan" yang memperkenalkan sifat spiritual manusia ke intelektual manusia dan dapat meyakinkan agama. Data untuk artikel ini dengan buku, jurnal, dan sumber lain yang relevan. Kemudian data dianalisis sesuai dengan topik artikel. Makalah ini menemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan filosofis yang mendasari perbedaan konsep etika dalam konsep barat etika Islam Murthadha Muthahhari. Konsep etika Islam bukan sich tetapi keluar dari kritik terhadap konsep etika Muthahhari barat. Untuk konsep Muthahhari tentang Etika Islam dalam manusia berarti mengenal Tuhan]

Interlude

The interlude attends to the concept of “reintegration,” or demobilization, whereby LRA rebels leaving the frontlines were to be reformed to live in peace among civilians. It highlights the ways in which civilians and NGO workers conceptualized rebels as animals needing to be humanized and the ways in which rebels, in turn, resisted this disciplinary process. It shows that rebels did not want or need to have their heads “repaired.” Rather, it was civilians for whom “reintegration” was ritually healing, allowing them to heal their own sicknesses by projecting them onto rebels. Whereas reintegration offered to cleanse rebels through the pure concept of “humanity,” the interlude acts as a dirtying process of dis-integration, rejecting the healing offered by “humanity.”

KANT’S INSIGHT AND KANT’S CONCEPT OF A TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC

I examine the Kantian concept of a transcendental logic, stressing its novelty and richness. I discuss the relationship between logical form of judgments and pure concept of the understanding, trying to elucidate how the pure concept Is embedded in the form of judgments. Exploring this issue, I construe transcendental logic as a part of formal ontology, pointing at the end of the article to some limitations that hinder the Kantian concept of a formal theory of the “object In general”.

On Simmel's Pure Concept of Money: A Response to Ingham

In “Laundering ‘Money’: On the Need for Conceptual Clarity within the Sociology of Money”, I explored the conceptual ramifications of recent developments in the sociology of money. These developments corresponded to what appear to be two countervailing trends in the world of money: homogenisation and diversification. The second trend, particularly, raises important conceptual questions about how money should be defined, and I sought to address these through an analysis of the work of prominent monetary scholars such as Cohen, Hart, Ingham and Zelizer. My central aim was to bring greater clarity to a field – the sociology of money – lacking a commonly agreed definition of its core object of study, namely money. The article was motivated by an underlying sense that these scholars were talking past each other. One significant reason seemed to be that two terms that should be central to a meaningful engagement among leading sociologists of money – money and currency – were being used in different and incompatible ways. This was the “conceptual confusion” I referred to: not a confusion specific to any individual monetary scholar, but rather a confusion bound to arise from any comparison of their work. I aimed to propose a conceptual framework wherein their different analyses could be more usefully compared (2). Of these scholars, both Hart (3) and Zelizer have constructively responded to my proposals without, of course, agreeing with them all.

Laundering “money”: on the need for conceptual clarity within the sociology of money

Recent work by sociologists, geographers and anthropologists has drawn attention to the “de-territorialization” of money, and to the emergence of “alternative” monetary forms such as e-money and complementary currencies. The increasingly diverse nature of these forms raises doubts as to whether “money” is a sufficiently coherent entity to be covered by a single definition. In this paper, these doubts are explored through a critical evaluation of the work of four prominent scholars of money: Cohen, Ingham, Zelizer and Hart. I argue that, despite their empirical richness, these approaches are undermined by a number of conceptual confusions: for example, by a tendency to refer to “money” and “currency” as if they were synonymous. The paper concludes by suggesting that Simmel’s “pure concept” of money provides the most promising basis on which to develop an analytically rigorous treatment of money which can embrace the variety of forms which circulate today.

The Complexity of Reasoning with Cardinality Restrictions and Nominals in Expressive Description Logics

We study the complexity of the combination of the Description Logics ALCQ and ALCQI with a terminological formalism based on cardinality restrictions on concepts. These combinations can naturally be embedded into C^2, the two variable fragment of predicate logic with counting quantifiers, which yields decidability in NExpTime. We show that this approach leads to an optimal solution for ALCQI, as ALCQI with cardinality restrictions has the same complexity as C^2 (NExpTime-complete). In contrast, we show that for ALCQ, the problem can be solved in ExpTime. This result is obtained by a reduction of reasoning with cardinality restrictions to reasoning with the (in general weaker) terminological formalism of general axioms for ALCQ extended with nominals. Using the same reduction, we show that, for the extension of ALCQI with nominals, reasoning with general axioms is a NExpTime-complete problem. Finally, we sharpen this result and show that pure concept satisfiability for ALCQI with nominals is NExpTime-complete. Without nominals, this problem is known to be PSpace-complete.