Herencia medieval y neologismo en el léxico cromático de textos historiográficos en el siglo de Oro según el Corpus diacrónico del español

The main objective of this investigation is to examine with textual support the use of the vocabulary of color during the Golden Period through the investigation that it is a medieval heritage or a neologism. This chromatic terminology was little used during the thirteenth century and in the following centuries its use is multiplied by the communication needs of a society that demands descriptive information on many social, cultural and economic issues, as happens with historiographic documents. To this end, a quantitative investigation has been designed in three phases: (a) search for chromatic voices that designate six selected colors; (b) determination of the first documentation of this group of voices; and (c) quantitative analysis to find a trend regarding the silver duality. For the search of these empirical references, the Diachronic Corpus of Spanish has been used as a data bank to collect textual examples on the chromatic vocabulary extracted from different historiographic sources. The result is the presentation of 100 terms with their respective empirical testimonies that reflect the continuity of the medieval heritage in the colors white, black and red, while formal neologisms are very frequent for the rest.

Law and Self-Preservation in Leviathan

Quentin Skinner’s principle that a philosopher’s contemporaries have a privileged perspective on his doctrine is tested. This chapter shows that Hobbes’s contemporaries misinterpreted him on many important issues. The examples used to disconfirm Skinner’s principle have to be ones that have strong textual support and are not currently interpreted by scholars today as being ironic, skeptical, or misleading. Thomas Hobbes’s views about self-preservation and law satisfy the criteria. Contrary to the view of his contemporaries, self-preservation is a desire, a physiological condition, not a law or command. The concept of self-preservation is an important part of the definition of “law of nature.” But the definition is no more a law of nature than the definition of an elephant is an elephant. The content of the laws of nature are deduced from the definition of “a law of nature.”

METAPHORICAL VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT BASKETBALL

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of lexical and stylistic features of modern Ukrainian language sports media discourse. The study was performed taking into account certain principles of cognitive linguistics, according to which the concept BASKETBALL as a part of the conceptosphere SPORT can be interpreted as a target concept in the process of semantic shift and the formation of secondary nomination in sports comments.Methods. The research uses a general scientific descriptive method and sampling method, as well as some techniques of conceptual analysis, methods of metaphorical modeling and lexical and stylistic analysis.Results. According to the results of the study, live broadcasts with a total duration of about 14 hours were analyzed, accompanied by a Ukrainian-language or bilingual (with the participation of a Ukrainian-speaking commentator and a Russian-speaking specialist) commentary. A number of metaphorical verbalizers of the concept BASKETBALL have been recorded and characterized, which are divided into four types according to semantic differentiation – anthropomorphic, artefact, sociomorphic and natural-morphic. Within each of the types, the collected illustrative material is classified on the basis of a specific donor concept, which caused a semantic shift in associations or similarity, and divided into metaphorical models that reflect the specifics of the metaphorization mechanism, pointing to the correlated source-concept-goal pair. The semantic expediency of metaphorical verbalization of the concept BASKETBALL and stylistic functions performed in sports commentary are explained.Conclusions. Metaphorical verbalization of the concept of BASKETBALL in Ukrainian-language sports media discourse is typical for textual support of broadcasts of other sports. Based on the separation of the common seven, which caused the metaphorical transfer, the models “basketball– man”, “basketball – artifact”, “basketball – rest”, “basketball – war”, “basketball – history”, “basketball – culture”, “basketball – crime”, “basketball – nature”, which form the basis of the figurative component of sports comments.Key words: vocabulary, media discourse, metaphor, sports commentary, stylistic device. Вступ. Статтю присвячено аналізу лексико-стилістичних особливостей сучасного українськомовного спортивного медіадискурсу. Дослідження виконано з урахуванням окремих засад когнітивної лінгвістики, відповідно до яких концепт БАСКЕТБОЛ як частину концептосфери СПОРТ можна трактувати концептом-ціллю у процесі семантичного зрушення та формування вторинної номінації у спортивних коментарях цього виду спорту. Методи. У дослідженні застосовано загальнонаукові описовий метод та метод вибірки, а також окремі прийоми концептуального аналізу, методи метафоричного моделювання та лексико-стилістичного аналізу. Результати. За підсумками проведеного дослідження проаналізовано прямі трансляції загальною тривалістю близько 14 годин, що супроводжувались українськомовним або білінгвальним (за участі українськомовного коментатора та російськомовного фахівця) коментарем. Зафіксовано та схарактеризовано низку метафоричних вербалізаторів концепту БАСКЕТБОЛ, що розподілені за чотирма типами відповідно до змістової диференціації: антропоморфного, артефактного, соціоморфного та приро-доморфного. У межах кожного з типів зібраний ілюстративний матеріал класифіковано на основі визначеного концепту-джерела, що за асоціаціями чи подібністю спричинив семантичне зрушення, та поділено на метафоричні моделі, які відбивають специфіку механізму метафоризації, вказуючи на корелятивну пару концет-джерело – концепт-ціль. Пояснено семантичну доцільність метафоричної вербалізації концепту БАСКЕТБОЛ та стилістичні функції, виконувані у спортивному коментарі. Висновки. Метафорична вербалізація концепту БАСКЕТБОЛ в українськомовному спортивному медіадискурсі є типовою для текстового супроводу трансляцій різних видів спорту. На підставі виокремлення спільної семи, що спричинила метафоричне перенесення, визначено моделі «баскетбол – людина», «баскетбол – артефакт», «баскетбол – відпочинок», «баскетбол – війна», «баскетбол – історія», «баскетбол – культура», «баскетбол – кримінал», «баскетбол – природа», які становлять основу образної складової спортивних коментарів. Ключові слова: лексика, медіадискурс, метафора, спортивний коментар, стилістичний засіб.

Hume's sentimentalism: Not non-cognitivism

This paper considers and argues against old and recent readings of Hume according to which his account of moral judgement is non-cognitivist. In previous discussions of this topic, crucial metaethical distinctions-between sentimentalism and non-cognitivism and between psychological and semantic non-cognitivism-are often blurred. The paper aims to remedy this and argues that making the appropriate metaethical distinctions undermines alleged support for non-cognitivist interpretations of Hume. The paper focuses in particular on Hume's so-called 'motivation argument' and argues that it is a poor basis for non-cognitivist interpretations. While there is textual support for attributing to Hume what may be called 'modally weak' motivational internalism, there is no solid textual support for attributing to him either psychological or semantic non-cognitivism. The paper also challenges briefly some further alleged support for non-cognitivist interpretations. It concludes by offering some positive evidence against such interpretations, namely that Hume appears to hold that there are moral beliefs and moral knowledge.

How to Use Someone ‘Merely as a Means’

The prohibition on using others ‘merely as means’ is one of the best-known and most influential elements of Immanuel Kant’s moral theory. But it is widely regarded as impossible to specify with precision the conditions under which this prohibition is violated. On the basis of a re-examination of Kant’s texts, the article develops a novel account of the conditions for using someone ‘merely as a means’. It is argued that this account has not only strong textual support but also significant philosophical advantages over alternative conceptions.

Metaethical Loose Ends

This final main chapter tidies up some loose ends concerning the metaethical credentials of the evaluative and normative claims going into Nietzsche’s perfectionism. Nietzsche did not have a well-worked-out metaethics; furthermore, his texts often underdetermine whatever views he might have intended. Nonetheless, the strategy is to gauge how well various positions (each with some textual support) satisfy certain basic interpretative desiderata, fit his revaluative purposes, and serve his wider philosophical needs. The chapter raises worries for a range of extant readings: realist, quasi-realist, fictionalist, and a hybrid realism/antirealism. It then attributes to Nietzsche a form of irrealism on which there are normative/evaluative truths but no metaphysically robust normative/evaluative properties.

“In My Own Opinion”: Negotiation of Rabbinical Authority Online in Responsa Within Kipa.co.il

This study explores how Israeli Jewish rabbis negotiate their authority through the practice of online Responsa, a Jewish tradition of rabbinical questions and answers (Q&A). A total of n = 567 Q&A were collected from five different rabbis answering on Kipa.co.il. By analyzing questions asked by anonymous users and answered by specific rabbis, this research shows how online Responsa allows rabbis to negotiate their rabbinical authority. We highlight two trends regarding rabbinical authority: (a) a growing need for online presence, meaning that the quantity of answers becomes an important part of constructing rabbinical authority online and (b) online activity in rabbinical Q&A changes the length and textual depth of the answers. The online Jewish Responsa is more concise and tends not to supply textual support. These trends, we argue, result in a reframing of the rabbi’s roles, and the Halachic discourse itself.

Collecting as Historical Practice and the Conundrum of the Unmoored Object

Collecting drives scholarship. Historians rely upon texts, preserved in libraries, archives, and private hands. Scholars of material culture seek out artifacts, whether held by museums, galleries, historical societies, or individual owners. Historians contemplating material culture evidence are justifiably wary of its frustrating ambiguity; especially recalcitrant are objects unmoored from their points of origin with no textual support. How can one tether these obdurate things to meaningful interpretive frameworks? By the late nineteenth century, Americana collectors were tackling—and meeting—this challenge, laying the foundation for US material culture studies. Their endeavors were significant forays into object-driven histories, exemplifying the constitutive interplay between collecting material culture and interpreting the past. One such collector-historian was George Dudley Seymour, a self-described “born antiquarian.” He sought out and studied early New England architecture and decorative arts, especially when associated with Nathan Hale, an American spy captured and hanged by British forces during the Revolutionary War. In the context of the Colonial Revival, a long-standing manifestation of US romantic nationalism, Seymour resurrected Hale’s faded memory countrywide. Initially lacking documentary sources, he succeeded by employing three material strategies—inscribed artifacts, space and place, and figural representation—illustrating the efficacy of integrating multiple approaches to interpreting history and material culture within a biographical framework.

The Paul of Acts

The question of the relationship between “Judaism” and “Christianity” in the Acts of the Apostles has been marked by two contradictory interpretive traditions. One tradition emphasizes conflict and rupture, whereas the other sees continuity and a positive treatment of Judaism. These interpretive traditions both find significant textual support from Acts. There is an internal tension within Luke’s characterization of Paul that does not fit neatly into easy dichotomies and is representative of Luke’s broader two-volume work. The present author argues that the significance of God’s history within Israel centers upon Paul’s central conviction that Israel’s Davidic Messiah, resurrected and enthroned at God’s right hand, is the singular dispenser of salvation for Israel and the pagan nations. This messianic conviction results in a re-evaluation (not rejection) of Israel’s primary identity markers that will only be embraced if one grants Paul’s claim that the hope of Israel is identified with Jesus the resurrected Messiah.

Corpus e géneros textuais nas práticas de divulgação de ciência ou as novas hierarquias na construção do conhecimento

This paper, as result from the research project Scientific Literacy Promotion, funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, shows, in a first moment, the heterogeneity of the textual formats that participate in the dissemination of science, widespread by the media in Portugal, starting from the analysis of the relations between corpus, genres and texts. In a second moment, the textual support, in particular the evolution from print to digital, led to a discussion of the linguistic and textual implications of this development, as well as the implications of the new hierarchies of knowledge construction