Recognition for resistance: Gifting, social media, and the politics of reciprocity in South Korean energy activism

This article argues for adopting the theoretical lens of gift exchange and reciprocity into the study of social movements and social media in an attempt to widen the horizon of the field of protest and media beyond its technological orientation. This lens invites us to see how protesters can build a movement strategically through the practice of gifting and the principle of reciprocity, and how such practices intersect with socially situated usages of digital media technologies to mediate and facilitate the politics of reciprocity. Based on an ethnographic analysis of energy activism in South Korea, the study suggests four necessary conditions for movement-building through culturally and technologically mediated forms of gift and reciprocity: pursuit of inclusive and open-ended alliances, prohibition of negative exchange, commitment to mutual interest aligned with shared movement goals, and the maintenance of voluntary and creative participation in gift exchange.

Спин-волновой резонанс в обменно-связанных трехслойных FeNi/Cu/FeNi планарных структурах

The spectrums of standing exchange spin waves into magnetic sandwich Ni80Fe20/Cu(tCu)/Ni80Fe20 were studied by spin-wave resonance method. The layer of diamagnetic Cu depending on its thickness tCu provided both positive and negative exchange interaction between ferromagnetic layers. It was shown that spin waves modes of SWR spectra which are described by well-known relation Hres(n)~n^2 are standing acoustic exchange spin oscillations of individual ferromagnetic layers, regardless of a sign of interlayer exchange couple. It was detected that spin modes which are optical satellites of acoustic SWR peaks are described by the dependence of the resonance field Hres(n)~n^(5/2) or Hres(n)~n^2 depending on the boundary conditions established on inner interfaces.

The Impact of Currency Shocks on Sanandaj Municipality Revenues in Iran

Exchange rate fluctuations have been affecting economic demand in recent years. The purpose of this study is to review the effects of exchange shocks on Sanandaj Municipality Revenues. The statistical population is Sanandaj municipality during 2006-2018 and SPSS, Eviews softwares were used for data analysis. The results show that since the correlation test is not significant at the level of 0.95, there is no significant relationship between two variables of municipality income and exchange fluctuations. Thus, the main hypothesis is rejected. In other words, exchange shocks have no impact on Sanandaj municipality revenues. Also based on the correlation test, since the correlation test is not significant at the level of 0.95, the relationship between the two variables of municipality income and negative exchange fluctuations is not significant and the sub-hypothesis (1) is rejected, and finally based on correlation test, since the correlation test is not significant at the level of 0.95, the relationship between two variables of municipality and positive exchange fluctuations is not significant. Thus, the sub-hypothesis (2) is rejected as well. It could be concluded that, Sanandaj municipality revenues do not follow the currency rate fluctuations.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN NEGATIVE RELATIVE ASPECTS: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY AND COMMUNICATION STYLE

The research aimed at the exploration of gender differences in the quality of close relationships with a mother, a father, a sibling, a partner, and a friend concerning the negative exchange in the form of conflicts and antagonism, as well as the role of personality traits and communication styles in the development of individual differences. The sample consisted of 400 participants (69% females), age from 19 to 51. Data were collected using the short version of personality questionnaire Big Five Plus Two (VP+2-70), questionnaire about close relationship quality Network of Relationship Inventory (NRI), and the scale for estimating communication skills, Communicator Style Measure (CSM). The results confirmed gender specificities concerning a degree of the negative exchange in the relationship types, and their correlations with personality traits and communication style. Females had stronger negative exchange with partners and fathers, while males had it with siblings. Extraverted females had more conflicts with their mothers. Higher Openness and Positive Valence of males was followed by greater conflicts with partner and lower Antagonism with friends, whereas the higher Consciousness was followed by greater negative exchange with siblings. Daughters with more assertive communication and sons with more expressive communication had stronger degree of confrontations with parents. On the other hand, males with more assertive communication, and females with more expressive communication had stronger conflicts with partners. Stronger negative exchange of females with fathers and partners was probably due to their greater orientation to deal with relationship problems and emancipation needs. The result that more assertive women had stronger degree of conflict with parents maybe the results from the fostering of the honest communication in the family of origin. Confronting more assertive women with their parents may stem from fostering honest and directive communication in the family of origin. Given that the society pressures males to be independent, the result that more expressive males had stronger negative exchange with their family of origin had been expected. These findings showed that expressiveness indicate immaturity. The willingness of more assertive men to engage in a negative exchange with a partner indicates their involvement in the relationship.