Prosociality and Social Responsibility Were Associated With Intention of COVID-19 Vaccination Among University Students in China

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is expected to end the pandemic; a high coverage rate is required to meet this end. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of behavioral intention of free/self-paid COVID-19 vaccination and its associations with prosociality and social responsibility among university students in China. Methods: An anonymous online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 6922 university students in five provinces in China during November 1-28, 2020. With informed consent, participants filled out an online survey link distributed to them via WeChat study groups. The response rate was 72.3%. Results: The prevalence of behavioral intentions of free COVID-19 vaccination was 78.1%, but it dropped to 57.7% if the COVID-19 vaccination involved self-payment (400 RMB; around 42 USD). After adjusting for background factors, prosociality (free vaccination: adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.09-1.12; self-paid vaccination: ORa = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.07-1.09) and social responsibility (free vaccination: ORa = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.14-1.19; self-paid vaccination: ORa = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.11-1.14) were positively associated with the two variables of COVID-19 vaccination intention. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the positive effects of prosociality and social responsibility on the intention of COVID-19 vaccination. Accordingly, modification of prosociality and social responsibility can potentially improve COVID-19 vaccination. Future longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted to confirm such associations across populations and countries.

Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in pre-conjugate vaccine era in Western China

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is one of the most common pathogens which can cause morbidity and mortality in pediatric infections worldwide. This study aimed to describe the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)-causing S. pneumoniae recovered from children in Western China. Methods We retrospectively enrolled pediatric patients younger than 5 years diagnosed with CAP. All 419 S. pneumoniae isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, serotypes, virulence genes, resistance genes, and sequence types. The potential relationships between molecular characteristics were tested by correspondence analysis. Results Most of S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with 93.8% isolates classified as multidrug resistant. The dominant STs were ST271 (30.8%) and ST320 (12.2%), while the prevailing serotypes were 19F (46.8%), 6B (11.5%), 23F (9.5%) and 19A (9.3%). The coverage rates of PCV-7 and PCV-13 were 73.03% and 86.16%, while the coverage rates of PCV13 among children aged < 1 year and 1–2 years were high in 93.18% and 93.62%. We also observed that CC271 expressed more of mef (A/E), lytA, rlrA and sipA than non-CC271 isolates. Moreover, there were strong corresponding relationships between molecular characteristics. Conclusions The high coverage rate of PCV13 suggests the necessity of introducing the PCV13 vaccine in Western China. Our findings underscore the value of monitoring multiple molecular characteristics to provide new guidance for developing future pneumococcal vaccines.

HAL-Based Resource Manipulation Monitoring on AOSP

Nowadays, Android malware uses sensitive APIs to manipulate an Android device’s resources frequently. Conventional malware analysis uses hooking techniques to detect this harmful behavior. However, this approach is facing many problems, such as low coverage rate and computational overhead. To solve this problem, we proposed HALWatcher, an alternative technique to monitor resource manipulation on Android Open Source Project (AOSP). By modifying Hardware Abstract Layer (HAL) resource accessing interfaces and their implementation, we can embed more monitoring functions at critical methods that are in charge of transferring data between the Hardware Driver and the Framework Layer. Hence, HALWatcher provides a lightweight and high coverage rate system that can perform resource manipulation monitoring for Android OS. In this paper, we prove that the hooking technique is limited in detecting resource manipulation attacks. Besides that, HALWatcher shows an outperform detection rate with a low computational effort.

A Lattice Discrete Model for Intensive RFID Reader Deployment

In an intensive RFID reader environment, multiple RFID reader are deployed together to cover a pointed area. In such intensive RFID reader application, it needs to determine how many readers are enough to cover the expect area and calculate the position of readers. However, the coverage of multiple readers is a NP problem. Therefore, it needs an approximate approach to optimize the coverage. In this paper, we proposed a lattice decentralized approach to model the coverage problem of intensive RFID reader deployment. In our novel model, both the deployment area and the reader reading region are discretized to a lattice and described by a matrix. Then, the coverage is easily calculated by matrix operation. In order to test our discrete method, we propose a heuristic algorithm to deploy readers based on the PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm. The simulations show that the proposed algorithm can cover an irregular or regular area with a high coverage rate and a low overlapping rate.

Research on Some Key Issues of Dynamic Simulation for Workflow Process

The method of analyzing capability and verifying correctness for workflow process is divided in static check and dynamic simulation. The focus of the paper is to test and analyze workflow process by means of dynamic simulation, further to confirm that a process will do appropriate things at appropriate time by appropriate resources. The paper will research some key issues in process simulation——setting up simulation environment, the algorithm for arranging events in a queue based on path coverage rule, analyzing simulation results. It adopts interactive and non-interactive means and makes use of white-box and black-box methods to test workflow process on the base of high coverage rate. At last the classification, distribution and trend of process defects will be presented by various simulation results.