Predicting the Masses of Theelectron, the Neutrino, the Proton, The Neutrino and Possibly the W-and Z-Bosons& Additional Prediction of a Small Non-Zero Mass for Gluons

According to space particle dualism, gravity is a side effect of cardinal hypercharge [1]. Could something similar apply to inertia? If that is the case, then one could try to predict the masses of different particles by simply looking at their charge. The proton has the same electric charge as the positron, but besides electric charge (intermediate by virtual photons), it also has a strong ‘charge’ or hypercharge, usually called ‘flavor’ (intermediate by gluons), and a weak charge (intermediate by W- and Z-bosons). That could be what makes it heavier than an electron.

Not unreasonable: Why two negatives don't make a positive

Logic tells us that two negatives make a positive, but in language, things are not so black and white: A person "not unhappy" may not be entirely happy. We hypothesize that innovative uses of double negatives like "not unhappy" stem from listeners entertaining flexible meanings for negation markers like "not" and "un-", which context can then help disambiguate. We formalize this hypothesis in a computational model of language understanding, which predicts that "not unhappy" means something different from "happy" but also makes the additional prediction that single negations ("unhappy" vs. "not happy") are interpreted identically except when a speaker uses both in the same context, which we confirm experimentally. Even double negations that flagrantly use the same negation marker twice (e.g., "not not happy") are interpreted in subtle ways. These findings suggest that even one of the most logical elements of language—negation—can mean many things at once.

Es-Tacotron2: Multi-Task Tacotron 2 with Pre-Trained Estimated Network for Reducing the Over-Smoothness Problem

Text-to-speech synthesis is a computational technique for producing synthetic, human-like speech by a computer. In recent years, speech synthesis techniques have developed, and have been employed in many applications, such as automatic translation applications and car navigation systems. End-to-end text-to-speech synthesis has gained considerable research interest, because compared to traditional models the end-to-end model is easier to design and more robust. Tacotron 2 is an integrated state-of-the-art end-to-end speech synthesis system that can directly predict closed-to-natural human speech from raw text. However, there remains a gap between synthesized speech and natural speech. Suffering from an over-smoothness problem, Tacotron 2 produced ’averaged’ speech, making the synthesized speech sounds unnatural and inflexible. In this work, we first propose an estimated network (Es-Network), which captures general features from a raw mel spectrogram in an unsupervised manner. Then, we design Es-Tacotron2 by employing the Es-Network to calculate the estimated mel spectrogram residual, and setting it as an additional prediction task of Tacotron 2, to allow the model focus more on predicting the individual features of mel spectrogram. The experience shows that compared to the original Tacotron 2 model, Es-Tacotron2 can produce more variable decoder output and synthesize more natural and expressive speech.

CasLocusAnno: a web-based server for annotating Cas loci and their corresponding (sub)types

ABSTRACTCRISPR-Cas systems are prevalent in bacterial and archaeal genomes, and these systems provide a powerful adaptive immune system against predation by phages and other mobile genetic elements (MGEs). They also contribute to other functions, such as gene regulation in prokaryotic organisms. Determining Cas proteins and Cas loci can help mine Cas proteins and facilitate the identification of Cas-associated accessory proteins. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop a web-based server, CasLocusAnno, to annotate Cas proteins and Cas loci and to classify them according to (sub)type based on a previous study. CasLocusAnno can annotate Cas proteins and Cas loci and assign their (sub)types within ∽28 seconds for whole protein sequence submissions, with protein sequence numbers ranging from ∽30 to ∽10500. Comparison with Makarova et al.’s benchmark data demonstrates that CasLocusAnno can accurately identify Cas loci and (sub)types. In addition, CasLocusAnno can identify Cas proteins with higher accuracy and a lower additional prediction rate (APR) than two excellent software programs, CRISPRCasFinder and MacSyFinder. The domain alignment of a Cas protein can be easily browsed in the annotation results. Our server can be freely accessed at http://cefg.uestc.edu.cn/CasLocusAnno/.

The Category Use Effect in Clinical Diagnosis

Conventionally, the process of clinical diagnosis is seen as distinct from subsequent clinical decisions. In the current study we challenge this distinction by examining a category use effect whereby diagnostic features that can be used to classify instances and make additional predictions are more likely to be used in diagnosis. During training, senior medical students ( n = 36) and undergraduates ( n = 44) learned to classify cases into one of two artificial disease categories. They were then asked to make an additional prediction about each instance. Some features were informative for both diagnosis and the additional prediction (relevant-use features) whereas others were useful only for diagnosis (irrelevant-use features). At test, all groups classified instances with relevant-use features more accurately and confidently than instances with irrelevant-use features. This effect was stronger in those with clinical training and when there was a plausible connection between diagnosis and prediction. The implications for clinical psychology diagnosis and judgment are discussed.

Interpretation of The a-Si:H DLTS and ICTS Experimental Data

ABSTRACTThe isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) data of a- Si:H is consistently analyzed in terms of a relaxation function with a fractional exponential time decay of the form φ(t)=exp[-(t/τ*)λ] with λ≅0.8. The anomalous variation of the effective relaxation time τ* (and hence that of the attempt-to-escape frequency ν* and the capture cross section σ* observed by Okushi and coworkers) with energy and temperature is shown to follow an additional prediction of the time dependent relaxation rate coupling model developed by Ngai and coworkers for relaxations in many complex systems. A modified energy scale is extended from the ICTS analysis which brings its electronic density of states structure in closer agreement with results obtained by DLTS experiments.