Advancing the global communication of scholarship and research for personalized healthcare The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine.

A simple Google search using the phrase ‘TheFoundational Philosophy of Medicine’ yields 1,510,000results. If one omits the word ‘Foundational’, then thesearch result yields 11,900,000 items. Certainly, muchmaterial of varying scholarship and complexity has beenwritten over the course of two millennia on this veryparticular subject, not all of which is immediatelyaccessible, not even through Google. Yet the fundamentalphilosophy of medicine can also be articulated very simplyand indeed has been and in the following few words: ‘tocure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always’.Originally attributed to Hippocrates, this striking maximhas become more closely associated in recent times withEdward Livingstone Trudeau, a nineteenth Centuryphysician who, retiring to Saranac Lake in the Adirondackmountains of New York in order to palliate histuberculosis, founded several important health facilitiesduring his remaining lifetime which continue in existencetoday.In our more modern times, the original maxim mustsurely be prefaced with ‘To prevent illness where possible’and may also come with time to be concluded with: ‘Toassist death when necessary’. If we accept the imperativefor the former as universally established (the latterremaining the subject of intensive ongoing ethical, legaland emotional debate), then are we able to say thatmodern medicine fulfils these four conceptually different,though highly interrelated missions? It would be difficult,in our view, to answer correctly and honestly in theaffirmative. Certainly, since Fleming’s discovery ofpenicillin in 1928 and the publication of the scienceunderlying the clinical use of radiation by Marie Curie forwhich she achieved the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 andfor Chemistry in 1911, there have been staggeringadvances in pharmacotherapeutics and medical technologythat have revolutionised the scope, possibility and power ofclinical practice. Yet despite such unprecedented andastonishing progress, it would be difficult to deny thatmodern medicine has not entered into crisis: a crisis ofcaring, a crisis of compassion and a crisis of costs. Indeed,the perception that major distortions have occurred in theunderstanding of the purpose of modern medicine [1], hasbeen accompanied by much soul searching, leading Miles,in an address to La Sapienza at Rome, to pose threedistinct and initially

Joint measurements of PM_{2. 5} and light-absorptive PM in woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments

DC, also referred to as Delta-C, measures enhanced light absorption of particulate matter (PM) samples at the near-ultraviolet (UV) range relative to the near-infrared range, which has been proposed previously as a woodsmoke marker due to the presence of enhanced UV light-absorbing materials from wood combustion. In this paper, we further evaluated the applications and limitations of using DC as both a qualitative and semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker via joint continuous measurements of PM2. 5 (by nephelometer pDR-1500) and light-absorptive PM (by 2-wavelength and 7-wavelength Aethalometer®) in three northeastern US cities/towns including Rutland, VT; Saranac Lake, NY and Ithaca, NY. Residential wood combustion has shown to be the predominant source of wintertime primary PM2. 5 emissions in both Rutland and Saranac Lake, where we conducted ambient measurements. In Ithaca, we performed woodsmoke plume measurements. We compared the pDR-1500 against a FEM PM2. 5 sampler (BAM 1020), and identified a close agreement between the two instruments in a woodsmoke-dominated ambient environment. The analysis of seasonal and diurnal trends of DC, black carbon (BC, 880 nm) and PM2. 5 concentrations supports the use of DC as an adequate qualitative marker. The strong linear relationships between PM2. 5 and DC in both woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments suggest that DC can reasonably serve as a semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker. We propose a DC-based indicator for woodsmoke emission, which has shown to exhibit a relatively strong linear relationship with heating demand. While we observed reproducible PM2. 5–DC relationships in similar woodsmoke-dominated ambient environments, those relationships differ significantly with different environments, and among individual woodsmoke sources. Our analysis also indicates the potential for PM2. 5–DC relationships to be utilized to distinguish different combustion and operating conditions of woodsmoke sources, and that DC–heating-demand relationships could be adopted to estimate woodsmoke emissions. However, future studies are needed to elucidate those relationships.

Joint Measurements of PM_2.5 and light-absorptive PM in woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments

DC, also referred to as Delta-C, measures enhanced light absorption of particulate matter (PM) samples at the near-ultraviolet (UV) range relative to the near-infrared range, which has been proposed previously as a woodsmoke marker due to the presence of enhanced UV light absorbing materials from wood combustion. In this paper, we further evaluated the applications and limitations of using DC as both a qualitative and semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker via joint continuous measurements of PM2.5 (by nephelometer pDR-1500) and light-absorptive PM (by 2-wavelength and 7-wavelength Aethalometer®) in three Northeastern U.S. cities/towns including Rutland, VT, Saranac Lake, NY and Ithaca, NY. We compared the pDR-1500 against a FEM PM2.5 sampler (BAM 1020), and identified a close agreement between the two instruments in a woodsmoke-dominated ambient environment. The analysis of seasonal and diurnal trends of DC, BC (880 nm) and PM2.5 concentrations supports the use of DC as an adequate qualitative marker. The strong linear relationships between PM2.5 and DC in both woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments suggest that DC can reasonably serve as a semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker. We proposed a DC-based indicator for woodsmoke emission, which was then shown to exhibit relatively strong linear relationship with heating demand. While we observed reproducible PM2.5-DC relationships in similar woodsmoke-dominated ambient environments, those relationships differ significantly with different environments, and among individual woodsmoke sources. DC correlated much more closely with PM2.5 than EcoChem PAS2000-reported PAH in woodsmoke-dominated ambient environments. Our analysis also indicates the potential for PM2.5-DC relationships to be utilized to distinguish different combustion and operating conditions of woodsmoke sources, and that DC-Heating demand relationships could be adopted to estimate woodsmoke emissions. However, future studies are needed to elucidate those relationships.

Architecture, Religion, and Tuberculosis in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec1

This paper explores the architecture of the Mount Sinai Sanatorium in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts (Qc) to disentangle the role of religion in the treatment of tuberculosis. In particular, we analyze the design of Mount Sinai, the jewel in the crown of Jewish philanthropy in Montreal, in relation to that of the nearby Laurentian Sanatorium. While Mount Sinai offered free treatment to the poor in a stunning, Art Deco building of 1930, the Protestant hospital had by then served paying patients for more than two decades in a purposefully home-like, Tudor-revival setting. Using architectural historian Bernard Herman's concept of embedded landscapes, we show how the two hospitals differed in terms of their relationship to site, access, and, most importantly, to city, knowledge, and community. Architects Scopes & Feustmann, who designed the Laurentian hospital, operated an office at Saranac Lake, New York, America's premier destination for consumptives. The qualifications of Mount Sinai architects Spence & Goodman, however, derived from their experience with Jewish institutions in Montreal. Following Herman's approach to architecture through movement and context, how did notions of medical therapy and Judaism intersect in the plans of Mount Sinai?

I. Speaking Out about Race: “The United States of Lyncherdom” Clemens Really Wrote

On June 21, 1901, Samuel and Olivia Clemens and their daughter Jean ensconced themselves for the summer at Kane Camp, a “little bijou of a dwelling-house,” Clemens called it, on the south end of Ampersand Bay on Lower Saranac Lake in upstate New York. The family nicknamed the cottage The Lair. “Everyone knows what a lair is,” Clemens said; “lairs do generally contain dangerous animals, but I bring tame ones to this one.” As we shall see, danger did lurk in The Lair that summer, in the thought and writing of Clemens himself.